88修饰语(一)

    英语语法进深──博客

88修饰语(一):                                                                                                  7/23/2014

林语堂先生把关系子句放在 “开明英文法” 内的第九章──修饰语（上）9.60──9.71节, 我非常欣赏他的看法.  曾在 “英文文法” 博客第37讲(2/11/2012)帖出.  内容是, “林语堂先生没有特别把形容词, 副词, 连词和介词像一般的学校所用的 ‘英文文法’ 教科书那幺分门别类的的讲授, 实在是有其不得已的苦衷.  若编辑者还能有时间与各位年青学子继续分享进深英文文法(英语语法进深博客), 我一定是依照 ‘开明英文法’ 的要旨, 把形容词及副词合在修饰语一类讲解, 其实它们更本是同一类的修饰词汇, 形容词描述名词及代名词, 而副词是主要描绘动词.”

一个句子, 无论是多么长, 多么复杂, 实际上它所包含的不外五个部分: 1. 主语; 2. 本动词; 3. 宾语; 4. 修饰语(包括介词短语和成语); 以及5. 连词.  主语, 本动词, 宾语及连词很容易分辨认出.  形容词, 副词和介词短语和成语等词类的运作, 使你对英语语法的特征, 不得不由衷的发出赞赏.  因它藉词类作用的转变, 出现很丰富的词汇供你使用, 不过也会令年青的学子感到眼花撩乱, 对 “英语语法” 顿起畏惧的心. 因此有心人把一切在英语语法书里常见的材料都搜集起来, 还要进一步, 化时间使它和英美人士的思想和在日常生活上的使用取得密切的联系,  绞尽脑汁的写“活用的英语语法” (Grammar In Use) , 这样它就不会令人起畏惧心, 学起来也就满有意思的, 不会觉得枯燥无味.  本帖子就向着这目标撰写的. 希望藉词类作用的转变, 把和英语语法有关的语言习惯的思想法及表现法呈现给青年学生们.

因此在讨论修饰语时, 对有关词类作用的转变的各种运作, 必须留意. 如, 在动词后加 -ing, 和 -ed 所转变成的形容词,  前者是现在分词(不是前面所讲的动名词 ‘gerund’),  在句子中可作修饰语用; 后者是规则变化类型的过去分词(还有少数不规则变化的), 在句子中作形容词用.  不过用它造成的句子有被动的意念在其中.

动词加 -ing 转形成为现在分词作修饰语用, 以形容或限制所要去做的事. 

    例如 : 

  Do you know the woman talking to Tom?  (talking 形容woman)

  Police investigating the crime are looking for three men.

       (investigating 形容police)

  Who were those people waiting outside? (waiting 形容people)

当用动词加 -ing 的形式于句子中, 可表示已成的事件, 不只是指特定的事情.

    例如 :

             The road joining the two villages is very narrow.
                (连接这两村落的路非常狭窄.)

 I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

    (我住的舒适卧室可遥望外面的花园.)

 Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with 'T'?

     (你能想出以 ‘T’字开头的花的名字吗?)

用动词加 -ed 转变成的形容词带有被动的意思.

    例如 :

  The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (这小孩因异外被撞伤.)

  Some of the people invited to the party can't come.

      (有些被邀请参加宴会的客人不能来.)

习题七十八

试用所给的动词的正确型式, 造一完整的句子.
blow     call   （invite） live      offer　 read（ring） sit     study   work

1. I was woken up by a bell ringing.                                          范例

2. A lot of the people invited to the party cannot come. 范例

3. Life must be very unpleasant for people ＿＿＿＿ near busy airports.

4. A few days after the interview, I received a letter ＿＿＿＿ me the job.

5. Somebody ＿＿＿＿ Steve  phoned while you were out.

6. There was a tree ＿＿＿＿ down in the storm last night.

7. When I entered the waiting room it was empty except for a young
    man ＿＿＿＿  by the window _______  a magazine.

8. Mary has got a brother ＿＿＿＿ in a bank in Taipei and a sister ＿＿＿＿

economics at university in Taiwan.

习惯上常常在  there is和there was 等短语之后, 用动词加 -ing 和 -ed 的子句.

例如 :

There were some children swimming in the river.

 Is there anybody waiting?

There was a big red car parked outside the house.

习题七十九

     试用 there is和there was 填入下列各句, 以完成之.

1.      That house is empty. (no one, live和in it)  There's no one living in it.

2.      The accident wasn't serious. (nobody和injure)   There was nobody injured.

3.      I can hear footsteps. (somebody和come)

There _____________________.

4.      The train was full. (a lot of people和travel)

       ____________________________ .

5.      We were the only guests at the hotel. (nobody else和stay there)\

       ____________________________ .

6.      The piece of paper was blank. (nothing和write和on it)

      ____________________________ .

7.      There are regular English courses at the college. (a course和begin和next Monday)   

      ____________________________ .

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