90形容词与副词(一)

英语语法进深──博客

90形容词与副词(一)                                                                                       7/29/2014

有了形容词与副词等修饰语, 那末我们说起话来,  就有趣多了;  写的文章可读性也增强很多.  林语堂博士所写的 “开明英文法” 中有一个例子说明修饰语在造句中的重要性(第九章9:10节第210-211页).  例如,  ‘Flood came’  这短句在文法是完全对的, 但是似乎欠缺少些甚幺, 对这 ‘洪水’ (flood) 在何时何地发生, 水势大小, 泛滥得可怕不可怕, ……听的人和读者都希望多知道一些.  修饰语的加入, 给以描写, 说明, 便可以满足人们的这一希望.  请看如何用修饰语把简单的  ‘Flood came’  写成如下面所描绘的令人难忘的洪灾景象的段落, 提醒人们对它的警觉.

All of a sudden and without any warning [1] the [2] terrible [3]  flood came, a foaming, furious, thundering torrent [4], that destroyed houses, streets  and whole

villages [5], drowning men, women children, cats, dogs and cattle [6] and turning the whole region into a lake, dotted here  and  there with tree-tops and  house-roofs with men  and women on them like drowned monkeys [7].

     [中译] :  突然间, 一点也没有预兆, 来了一阵可恐怖洪水,  白浪滔天, 狂怒了似的带着雷的响声的激流.  把房屋, 街道和一个个村落都摧毁了, 淹死了很多男女和小孩, 猫狗和牛.  全村落变成了一片汪洋, 在树顶和屋脊上面, 到处点缀着许多好象落汤鸡似的男男女女.

试将上段分析如下 :

1. All of a sudden和without any warning 是修饰动词came的副词短语, 表洪水来时

    是如何的情形.

2. The 是用来指定这可怕的洪水(terrible flood), 不是其它的洪水.

3. terrible是属性形容词, 用来修饰flood.

4. a foaming, furious, thundering torrent 是一个同位短语. (appositive phrase), 表明是

    怎样一种洪水.  起首四个词儿又是修饰torrent 的.

5. that destroyed houses, streets and whole villages 是 ‘关系子句’ 用来修饰flood 的.

6. drowning men, women, children, cats, dogs and cattle ‘分词短语’,用来的修饰flood.

7. turning the whole region 一直到drowned monkeys 又是修饰flood的分词短语.

修饰语在句子中既是这样普遍而重要, 那末把它的应用拿来仔细的讨论分析, 非常有助于喜好学习英文的年青人对句法的了解. 现在来看看一些熟悉的修饰语, 是有关于形容词及副词的.  例如, 有原本为形容词, 如, quick, serious , beautiful, ugly ….等.  也有些形容词是由词类转变而成的, 如, foaming, thundering, drowned ….等等.  而副词最常见的一种是由形容词加 –ly转型而成 . 

   例如 :

            形容词:   quick         serious      careful              quiet        heavy       bad

            副词    :   quickly      seriously    carefully          quietly    heavily    badly

也有原本就是副词的,  如, only, merely, also, especially, particularly, even…等等.  还有, 不一定加 –ly 就是副词, 有很多 –ly是形容词.

   例如 : 

              friendly      lively    elderly     lonely       silly        lovely

形容词是主要用来修饰名词的, 间或也修饰代名词.  常常把它放在名词的前面和作动词的宾语的前面, 和 “linking verb”  连缀动词的后面.

   例如 :

             Stephen is a careful driver. (不能用 'a carefully driver')

             We didn't go out because of the heavy rain.

      ( 修饰语 ‘the heavy’ 在介词宾语 rain 的前面.)

 Please be quiet. ( 修饰语 ‘quiet’ 在动词 be 的后面.)

 I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad.

  (修饰语 ‘so bad’ 关系子句的补语, 修饰 ‘results’.  副词so 修饰形容词bad.)

副词是主要用来修饰动词的, 它常常告诉我们别人如何做或一些事怎么样发生的, 所以多般把它放在动词的后面.

   例如 :

            Stephen drove carefully along the narrow road. (不能写 'drove careful')

We didn't go out because it was raining heavily. (不能写 'raining heavy')

Please speak quietly. (不能写 'speak quiet')

I was disappointed that I did so badly in the exam. (不能写 'did so bad')

习题八十二

试填入适合的形容词或副词以完成该句子.

1. The driver of the car was seriously injured. (serious或seriously)     范例

2. I think you behaved very ＿＿＿＿. (selfish或selfishly)

3. Ruth is ＿＿＿＿ upset about losing her job. (terrible或terribly)

4. There was a ＿＿＿＿ change in the weather. (sudden或suddenly)

5. Everybody at the party was ＿＿＿＿ dressed. (colorful或colorfully)

6. Sarah likes wearing ＿＿＿＿ clothes. (colorful或colorfully)

7. Mary fell and hurt herself quite ＿＿＿＿. (bad或badly)

8. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look ＿＿＿＿. (safe或safely)

9. Paul looked at me ＿＿＿＿when I interrupted him. (angry或angrily)

副词也可放在形容词及另一副词的前面, 用来修饰它们.  如 :

  reasonably cheap (副词 + 形容词)

  terribly sorry (副词 + 形容词)

  incredibly quickly (副词 + 副词)

    例如 :

              It's a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.

  Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to push you. (不能用 'terrible sorry')

  Debra learns languages incredibly quickly.

  The examination was surprisingly easy.

副词也可放在过去分词 ( 如, injured, organized, written 等等.)的前面, 用来修饰它们.

      例如 :

    Two people were seriously injured in the accident. ( 不能写 'serious injured')

    The meeting was very badly organized.

习题八十三

       试从下列两类词汇中,   在每一类内必选一词, 填入句中, 以完成之.

                                                                            l 

                        第一类                                         l               第二类                                   

absolutely     (reasonably已用)     unusually     l       changed          ill           quiet

badly                seriously        unnecessarily       l       damaged        long        planned

completely      slightly                                         l      (cheap已用)    enormous     

                                                                             l

1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive but it was reasonably cheap.      范例

2. Mr. Wang's mother is ＿＿＿＿ in hospital.

3. What a big house! It's ＿＿＿＿.

4. It wasn't a serious accident. The car was only ＿＿＿＿.

5. The children are normally very lively but they're ＿＿＿＿ today.

6. When I returned home after 30 years, everything had ＿＿＿＿.

7. The movie was ＿＿＿＿.  It could have been much shorter.

8. A lot went wrong during our vacation because it was ＿＿＿＿.

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