90形容词与副词(一)

英语语法进深──博客

90形容词与副词(一)                                                                                       7/29/2014

有了形容词与副词等修饰语, 那末我们说起话来,  就有趣多了;  写的文章可读性也增强很多.  林语堂博士所写的 “开明英文法” 中有一个例子说明修饰语在造句中的重要性(第九章9:10节第210-211页).  例如,  ‘Flood came’  这短句在文法是完全对的, 但是似乎欠缺少些甚幺, 对这 ‘洪水’ (flood) 在何时何地发生, 水势大小, 泛滥得可怕不可怕, ……听的人和读者都希望多知道一些.  修饰语的加入, 给以描写, 说明, 便可以满足人们的这一希望.  请看如何用修饰语把简单的  ‘Flood came’  写成如下面所描绘的令人难忘的洪灾景象的段落, 提醒人们对它的警觉.

All of a sudden and without any warning [1] the [2] terrible [3]  flood came, a foaming, furious, thundering torrent [4], that destroyed houses, streets  and whole

villages [5], drowning men, women children, cats, dogs and cattle [6] and turning the whole region into a lake, dotted here  and  there with tree-tops and  house-roofs with men  and women on them like drowned monkeys [7].

     [中译] :  突然间, 一点也没有预兆, 来了一阵可恐怖洪水,  白浪滔天, 狂怒了似的带着雷的响声的激流.  把房屋, 街道和一个个村落都摧毁了, 淹死了很多男女和小孩, 猫狗和牛.  全村落变成了一片汪洋, 在树顶和屋脊上面, 到处点缀着许多好象落汤鸡似的男男女女.

试将上段分析如下 :

1. All of a sudden和without any warning 是修饰动词came的副词短语, 表洪水来时

    是如何的情形.

2. The 是用来指定这可怕的洪水(terrible flood), 不是其它的洪水.

3. terrible是属性形容词, 用来修饰flood.

4. a foaming, furious, thundering torrent 是一个同位短语. (appositive phrase), 表明是

    怎样一种洪水.  起首四个词儿又是修饰torrent 的.

5. that destroyed houses, streets and whole villages 是 ‘关系子句’ 用来修饰flood 的.

6. drowning men, women, children, cats, dogs and cattle ‘分词短语’,用来的修饰flood.

7. turning the whole region 一直到drowned monkeys 又是修饰flood的分词短语.

修饰语在句子中既是这样普遍而重要, 那末把它的应用拿来仔细的讨论分析, 非常有助于喜好学习英文的年青人对句法的了解. 现在来看看一些熟悉的修饰语, 是有关于形容词及副词的.  例如, 有原本为形容词, 如, quick, serious , beautiful, ugly ….等.  也有些形容词是由词类转变而成的, 如, foaming, thundering, drowned ….等等.  而副词最常见的一种是由形容词加 –ly转型而成 . 

   例如 :

            形容词:   quick         serious      careful              quiet        heavy       bad

            副词    :   quickly      seriously    carefully          quietly    heavily    badly

也有原本就是副词的,  如, only, merely, also, especially, particularly, even…等等.  还有, 不一定加 –ly 就是副词, 有很多 –ly是形容词.

   例如 : 

              friendly      lively    elderly     lonely       silly        lovely

形容词是主要用来修饰名词的, 间或也修饰代名词.  常常把它放在名词的前面和作动词的宾语的前面, 和 “linking verb”  连缀动词的后面.

   例如 :

             Stephen is a careful driver. (不能用 'a carefully driver')

             We didn't go out because of the heavy rain.

      ( 修饰语 ‘the heavy’ 在介词宾语 rain 的前面.)

 Please be quiet. ( 修饰语 ‘quiet’ 在动词 be 的后面.)

 I was disappointed that my exam results were so bad.

  (修饰语 ‘so bad’ 关系子句的补语, 修饰 ‘results’.  副词so 修饰形容词bad.)

副词是主要用来修饰动词的, 它常常告诉我们别人如何做或一些事怎么样发生的, 所以多般把它放在动词的后面.

   例如 :

            Stephen drove carefully along the narrow road. (不能写 'drove careful')

We didn't go out because it was raining heavily. (不能写 'raining heavy')

Please speak quietly. (不能写 'speak quiet')

I was disappointed that I did so badly in the exam. (不能写 'did so bad')

习题八十二

试填入适合的形容词或副词以完成该句子.

1. The driver of the car was seriously injured. (serious或seriously)     范例

2. I think you behaved very ＿＿＿＿. (selfish或selfishly)

3. Ruth is ＿＿＿＿ upset about losing her job. (terrible或terribly)

4. There was a ＿＿＿＿ change in the weather. (sudden或suddenly)

5. Everybody at the party was ＿＿＿＿ dressed. (colorful或colorfully)

6. Sarah likes wearing ＿＿＿＿ clothes. (colorful或colorfully)

7. Mary fell and hurt herself quite ＿＿＿＿. (bad或badly)

8. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look ＿＿＿＿. (safe或safely)

9. Paul looked at me ＿＿＿＿when I interrupted him. (angry或angrily)

副词也可放在形容词及另一副词的前面, 用来修饰它们.  如 :

  reasonably cheap (副词 + 形容词)

  terribly sorry (副词 + 形容词)

  incredibly quickly (副词 + 副词)

    例如 :

              It's a reasonably cheap restaurant and the food is extremely good.

  Oh, I'm terribly sorry. I didn't mean to push you. (不能用 'terrible sorry')

  Debra learns languages incredibly quickly.

  The examination was surprisingly easy.

副词也可放在过去分词 ( 如, injured, organized, written 等等.)的前面, 用来修饰它们.

      例如 :

    Two people were seriously injured in the accident. ( 不能写 'serious injured')

    The meeting was very badly organized.

习题八十三

       试从下列两类词汇中,   在每一类内必选一词, 填入句中, 以完成之.

                                                                            l 

                        第一类                                         l               第二类                                   

absolutely     (reasonably已用)     unusually     l       changed          ill           quiet

badly                seriously        unnecessarily       l       damaged        long        planned

completely      slightly                                         l      (cheap已用)    enormous     

                                                                             l

1. I thought the restaurant would be expensive but it was reasonably cheap.      范例

2. Mr. Wang's mother is ＿＿＿＿ in hospital.

3. What a big house! It's ＿＿＿＿.

4. It wasn't a serious accident. The car was only ＿＿＿＿.

5. The children are normally very lively but they're ＿＿＿＿ today.

6. When I returned home after 30 years, everything had ＿＿＿＿.

7. The movie was ＿＿＿＿.  It could have been much shorter.

8. A lot went wrong during our vacation because it was ＿＿＿＿.

                        请将练习寄至           swlei2011@gmail.com

89修饰语(二)

英语语法进深──博客

89修饰语(二):                                                                                                  7/26/2014

形容词字尾是 -ing 和 -ed (如 boring 和 bored )

例如 :

Mary's job is boring.  (Mary 的工作是厌倦的. 此处指工作厌倦 ).

Mary is bored . (有被动的意思, Mary 被工作弄厌倦 . 不可写Mary is boring).

[注] : 若我们写 ‘Mary is boring” 那意味着 Mary 弄得别人厌倦.

试比较下列两句

    例如 : 

             I am very interesting in Mathematics.  

               (错了. 因为interesting 后面不能用介词 in)

               (应改写 ‘I think Mathematics is very interesting.’)

             I am very interested in Mathematics.  

               (对的. interested 后面要用介词 in, Mathematics作 in 的宾语)

     [注] :还记得我在初中三年级学英语时常被interesting和interested所搅扰.  因为

忽略了这加 –ing字尾的形容词是修饰主语 ‘I’ , 但它是主动的(active), 习惯

上都不能在其后加介词 ‘in’.  若改用加 –ed的形容词写, 就可以. 因为

它是被动的(passive).

surprise,  disappoint 和 shock 等动词字尾是–ing 和 -ed, 它们的用法可以仿照

如 interesting  一样. 

例如 :

It was quite surprising that he passed the examination.

Everybody was surprised that he passed the examination.

The film was disappointing. I expected it to be much better.

I was disappointed with the film. I expected it to be much better.

The news was very shocking.

I was very shocked when I heard the news.

习题八十

试使用括孤内给予的字, 加 -ing 或 –ed 以完成该句子.

1.      The film wasn't as good as we had expected. (disappoint-)

a.       The film was disappointing.                             范例

b.      We were disappointed with the film.                范例

2.      Paul teaches young children. It's a very hard job but he enjoys it. (exhaust-)

a.       She enjoys her job but it's often ＿＿＿＿.

b.      At the end of a day's work, she is often ＿＿＿＿.

3.      It's been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-)

a.       This weather is ＿＿＿＿.

b.      This weather makes me ＿＿＿＿.

c.       It's silly to get ＿＿＿＿ because of the weather.

4.      Clare is going to the United States next month. She has never been there before. (excit-)

a.       It will be an ＿＿＿＿ experience for her.

b.      Going to new places is always ＿＿＿＿.

c.       She is really ＿＿＿＿ about going to the United States.

形容词的排列的次序.  一般文法书分为两类: 

   1. 修饰语在名词的前面, 称为名前(pronominal) 修饰语. 

   2. 修饰语在名词的后面, 称为名后(post-nominal)修饰语. 

   

修饰语在名词的前面的排列次序.

　　　　　属性（attribute）修饰语                              真相 (fact) 修饰语 

     a                      nice                                                        long           summer vacation.

     an                     interesting                                             young         man

     a                      beautiful                                                small          girl

    例如 :

              My brother lives in a nice new house.    

              In the kitchen there was a beautiful old table.

在‘真相修饰语’类中还有如, 形状, 年龄 , 颜色 , 出处 , 材料等修饰语.  若把它们放在一起, 其排列次序一般示如下.

          1            　     2 　　            3  　　　    4         　　5         ────＞　名词

     形状(大,小)    年龄 (老, 少)    颜色         出处           材料

     例如 :

          The old lady bought a useful(属性) oblong (1) black (3) cardboard (5) box yesterday.

 (昨天这位老妇人买了一个有用的长方形黑色厚纸板的盒子. )                 

修饰语在名词的后面的排列次序 (这在中文里更本没有可能性). 

有关这一点在关系子句的帖子中曾讲过.  我国文字是有排列特性的.  关系子句在中文看
不到是因为中文修饰语和被修饰语的关系全靠 ‘词序’ 来表明, 而修饰语排在名词之后的
情形, 在中文里是不可能的.  例如, 在英文里我们可以说 the modified word 或 the word modified, 但在中文里却只可以说 "修饰语", 而说 "语修饰" 便不通了.  但在英语
语法中, 修饰语可以排列在名词的后面的.

   例如 :

              无限式短语:      A book to read.  (可读的书.)

  分词短语:          A book selling for a dollar a copy.    (卖一块钱一本的书.)

  关系子句:          The book that I like. (我喜爱的书.)

  介词短语:          The book on the top shelf.    (在上层书架的书.)

[注] : 以上四个例子, 英文都是把修饰语放在名词的后面.  而翻成中文则必须把
     修饰语放在名词的前面.)

习题八十一

     试使用括号内的形容词, 在下列各短语中排成正确的 “词序”

1. a beautiful table (wooden和round) a beautiful round wooden table.           范例

2. an unusual ring (gold) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

3. a new pullover (nice) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

4. a sunny day (lovely) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

5. a wide avenue (long) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

6. a metal box (black/small) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

7. a big cat (fat/black) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

8. a little village (old/lovely) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

9. long hair (black/beautiful) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

10. an old painting (interesting/Chinese) ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

                        请将习题寄至　　　swlei2011@gmail.com

88修饰语(一)

    英语语法进深──博客

88修饰语(一):                                                                                                  7/23/2014

林语堂先生把关系子句放在 “开明英文法” 内的第九章──修饰语（上）9.60──9.71节, 我非常欣赏他的看法.  曾在 “英文文法” 博客第37讲(2/11/2012)帖出.  内容是, “林语堂先生没有特别把形容词, 副词, 连词和介词像一般的学校所用的 ‘英文文法’ 教科书那幺分门别类的的讲授, 实在是有其不得已的苦衷.  若编辑者还能有时间与各位年青学子继续分享进深英文文法(英语语法进深博客), 我一定是依照 ‘开明英文法’ 的要旨, 把形容词及副词合在修饰语一类讲解, 其实它们更本是同一类的修饰词汇, 形容词描述名词及代名词, 而副词是主要描绘动词.”

一个句子, 无论是多么长, 多么复杂, 实际上它所包含的不外五个部分: 1. 主语; 2. 本动词; 3. 宾语; 4. 修饰语(包括介词短语和成语); 以及5. 连词.  主语, 本动词, 宾语及连词很容易分辨认出.  形容词, 副词和介词短语和成语等词类的运作, 使你对英语语法的特征, 不得不由衷的发出赞赏.  因它藉词类作用的转变, 出现很丰富的词汇供你使用, 不过也会令年青的学子感到眼花撩乱, 对 “英语语法” 顿起畏惧的心. 因此有心人把一切在英语语法书里常见的材料都搜集起来, 还要进一步, 化时间使它和英美人士的思想和在日常生活上的使用取得密切的联系,  绞尽脑汁的写“活用的英语语法” (Grammar In Use) , 这样它就不会令人起畏惧心, 学起来也就满有意思的, 不会觉得枯燥无味.  本帖子就向着这目标撰写的. 希望藉词类作用的转变, 把和英语语法有关的语言习惯的思想法及表现法呈现给青年学生们.

因此在讨论修饰语时, 对有关词类作用的转变的各种运作, 必须留意. 如, 在动词后加 -ing, 和 -ed 所转变成的形容词,  前者是现在分词(不是前面所讲的动名词 ‘gerund’),  在句子中可作修饰语用; 后者是规则变化类型的过去分词(还有少数不规则变化的), 在句子中作形容词用.  不过用它造成的句子有被动的意念在其中.

动词加 -ing 转形成为现在分词作修饰语用, 以形容或限制所要去做的事. 

    例如 : 

  Do you know the woman talking to Tom?  (talking 形容woman)

  Police investigating the crime are looking for three men.

       (investigating 形容police)

  Who were those people waiting outside? (waiting 形容people)

当用动词加 -ing 的形式于句子中, 可表示已成的事件, 不只是指特定的事情.

    例如 :

             The road joining the two villages is very narrow.
                (连接这两村落的路非常狭窄.)

 I live in a pleasant room overlooking the garden.

    (我住的舒适卧室可遥望外面的花园.)

 Can you think of the name of a flower beginning with 'T'?

     (你能想出以 ‘T’字开头的花的名字吗?)

用动词加 -ed 转变成的形容词带有被动的意思.

    例如 :

  The boy injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (这小孩因异外被撞伤.)

  Some of the people invited to the party can't come.

      (有些被邀请参加宴会的客人不能来.)

习题七十八

试用所给的动词的正确型式, 造一完整的句子.
blow     call   （invite） live      offer　 read（ring） sit     study   work

1. I was woken up by a bell ringing.                                          范例

2. A lot of the people invited to the party cannot come. 范例

3. Life must be very unpleasant for people ＿＿＿＿ near busy airports.

4. A few days after the interview, I received a letter ＿＿＿＿ me the job.

5. Somebody ＿＿＿＿ Steve  phoned while you were out.

6. There was a tree ＿＿＿＿ down in the storm last night.

7. When I entered the waiting room it was empty except for a young
    man ＿＿＿＿  by the window _______  a magazine.

8. Mary has got a brother ＿＿＿＿ in a bank in Taipei and a sister ＿＿＿＿

economics at university in Taiwan.

习惯上常常在  there is和there was 等短语之后, 用动词加 -ing 和 -ed 的子句.

例如 :

There were some children swimming in the river.

 Is there anybody waiting?

There was a big red car parked outside the house.

习题七十九

     试用 there is和there was 填入下列各句, 以完成之.

1.      That house is empty. (no one, live和in it)  There's no one living in it.

2.      The accident wasn't serious. (nobody和injure)   There was nobody injured.

3.      I can hear footsteps. (somebody和come)

There _____________________.

4.      The train was full. (a lot of people和travel)

       ____________________________ .

5.      We were the only guests at the hotel. (nobody else和stay there)\

       ____________________________ .

6.      The piece of paper was blank. (nothing和write和on it)

      ____________________________ .

7.      There are regular English courses at the college. (a course和begin和next Monday)   

      ____________________________ .

                        请将习题寄至左列邮箱       swlei2011@gmail.com