Friday, July 19, 2019

217 英语词类基本应用(十一) Who, Whom, and Whose 谁, 给谁, 和谁的

217 英语词类基本应用(十一)     Who, Whom, and Whose      谁, 给谁, 和谁的           7/19/2019

爱我们的主耶稣基督, 求祢怜悯, 开我的灵眼, 看到自己一无所是, 惟有依靠主祢的大能, 孩子才能战胜魔鬼的引诱, 谦卑的来到祢面前, 求祢赦免我的罪.  更恳求祢赐我智能, 使我仰望祢的再来, 预备我的心, 向人见证祢是如何的拯救我, 陪孩子走人生的道路.  并要一生一世, 只要一息尚存, 永远要见证祢是永生上帝的儿子, 是上帝. 奉主耶稣的圣名祈祷.  阿门.

编辑者希望提醒我国喜好学英文的年轻访友, 造英语的疑问句时, 遇到要代表人称时, 就得用 Who, Whom, 和 Whose.  它们又叫做疑问人称代名词(interrogative personal pronoun).  谁(Who)是主位人称代名词; 给谁(Whom)是宾位人称代名词; 和谁的(Whose)是领位人称代名词.

造英语疑问句并不像造中文问句那么简单. 只在句子后面加上 “吗” 和 “呢” , 再加上问号 “?” 就行.  所以我国学生很容易在造英语的疑问句时出错. 尤其如, “tag questions (反意疑问句)” 是少见的, 它具特别的结构, 且有特别的含意.

一般英语疑问句的形式如下:
    
1.     前面讲过的三种动词: be-verb;  have-verb;  do-verb.编辑者特别强调它们如何用在造疑問句上, 如:
Are you ready?
Have you seen my books?
Do you like music?

2.     用疑问人称代名词造疑问句,  如
 Who is not going? (Who 是主位疑问人称代名词).
To whom am I speaking? (Whom 是宾位疑问人称代名词).
Whose books are these?  (Whose 是领位疑问人称代名词).

[注] : 还有其它, 如, what, where, how 等不举例.

不要误认领位疑问人称代名词 Whose 为 “Who is” 的缩写 “Who’s” (Do not confuse the interrogative possessive pronoun whose with the contraction who's).
            例如:
                        Whose books are these?         Who’s  that at the door.


练习一:  试用 who 或 whom 填入空格以完成下列各句:
   (Write who or whom to complete each sentence).

1. _____will help decorate the gym for the costume party?
2.  __________did you call?
3. Do you know _______ is planning to attend?
4. With ______are you going?
5. _______are you going to pretend to be?
6.  From  _____did you get that idea?
7. Do you think the others will know ______you are?
8. ________can pick up the refreshments?
9. From  ______do we get the money to pay for them?
10. _______is going to be the costume judge?


练习二:  试用 whose 或 who's 填入空格, 完成下列各句. 
  (Write whose or who's to complete each sentence).
11. ____going to drive everyone?
12. _____parents have a van?
13.  ____your favorite cartoon character?
14. _____the boy in the Napoleon costume?
15. This mask is mine, ____but mask is that?
16. costume did you borrow?
17._____Bradley supposed to be?
18. _____selecting the best costume?
19. I can't decide _____costume should win.
20. The person ____the winner will get a prize.

Wednesday, July 3, 2019

216 英语词类基本应用(十) Agreement of Pronouns with Antecedents 一致性


216 英语词类基本应用(十)  Agreement of Pronouns with Antecedents    一致性      7/3/2019

爱我们的天父, 求祢赦免我骄傲的罪, 赐我新生命, 使我不再受魔鬼的捆绑.  谢谢祢赐孩子毅力, 能遵照祢的旨意, 永不放弃, 继续博客的写作.  在今生我要永远向人见证耶稣基督是祢的儿子, 祂为赎我的罪钉死在十字架上. 奉主耶稣的圣名祈祷.  阿门.

编辑者一向仰慕林肯总统, 他是虔诚的基督信仰者, 他在美国内战极度危急时, 有人问他, “上帝是站在你一边吗?”  他肯定的说, “不是去问上帝是站在我们这边, 而是要问我们是否站在上帝那边.”

“教学相长” 这句自古由来的座右铭, 编辑者今天才真正体会到它的意义. 多次向访友介绍英语语法的结构基础时, 总要提出 “动词与主语的一致性”.  却没有注意到其一致性只涉及到三种词类 : 动词, 名词, 及代名词.  而其中以代名词使用得最为频繁及显著.  与其它的词类无关.  并且,  是在造句时常常出错的地方. 为什么会出错?  因为在我国语言句子中没有这样的结构.

“动词与主语的一致性” 比较深入一些, 容后详述.  现在是谈词类基本应用, 所以只谈代名词与先行词(Antecedent)的一致性.

编辑者仍用代名词翻译 ‘pronoun’, 因为它是用来代替名词的词类. 在解释句子一致性的讨论中有个词儿称为先行词, 是代名词所代表前面提到的名词.
   例如 :
              The boys corrected their mistakes. 
             ( ‘boys’ 是代名词 ‘their’ 的先行词. 它总是出现在要代表它的代名词前面.  故选择该代名词来代替前面的名词‘boys’时, 必须特别注意这代名词的人称(personal), 数(number), 性(gender)要一致. 句子的意念才会清晰明暸. 在这里, 先行词 ‘boys’ 是男性, 第三人称多数; 代名词 ‘their’ 是第三人称多数, 所有性.  句子合乎一致性的条件, 其意思简洁明确.)

练习 : 试写出下列各句的代名词, 然后写出它的先行词. (Write each pronoun. Then write its antecedent.)

1. Thurgood Marshall was born in Maryland; his grandfather had been taken to Maryland as a slave.
2. Marshall's parents wanted to give their son a good education.
3. Marshall's mother was a teacher in the school her son attended.
4. Marshall decided that he wanted to be a lawyer.
5. Marshall attended Howard University Law School. It accepted black students when many other schools did not.

练习 : 试从括号中选出正确的代名词填入句子内. (Write the pronoun in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.)
1. Marshall's mother sold ______ engagement ring to help pay for law school
                                                      (his, her)
2.  Marshall was grateful to _______.
                                                       (him, her)
3. Marshall later graduated first in _______ class.
                                                                   (his, their)
4. President Johnson appointed _______to the Supreme Court.
                                                                   (him, them)
5 When people disagree with a court decision, ___appeal to the Supreme Court. 
                                                                                    (they, it)           

Wednesday, June 19, 2019

215 英语词类基本的应用(九) Possessive Noun; Subject, Object, & Possessive Pronoun


215 英语词类基本的应用(九)  Possessive Noun; Subject, Object, & Possessive Pronoun         
                                                    领位名词;           主位, 宾位, 和 领位代名词        6/19/2019

爱我们的天父, 谢谢祢让孩子能叫祢, 阿爸, 父.  有祢真好.  祢赦免我的罪, 洗净我的不义.  祢赐我新生命, 使我不再受眼目的情欲, 肉体的情欲及今生的骄傲等老我的捆绑.  谢谢祢赐孩子智能, 能分辩什么是祢的旨意.  我要一生一世跟随祢, 爱祢. 奉主耶稣的圣名祈祷.  阿门.

亲爱的访友, 是上帝赐我能力,  “永不放弃”.  虽然编辑者把英语语法写了三遍, 以这次比较实际. 因我的孙子已经读完六级(six grade), 他妈妈是美国人, 她知道我在写 “英语语法” 博客, 她特意为我把她儿子小学六年级的英语补充教材为我整理好, 送给我作参考资料. 我发现其中最多页数是代名词. 

在11/12/2011所写的博客, 提出从前英文课本用 Nominative case, Objective case, 和Possessive case 来说明代名词的 “主格”,  “受格” 和 “所有格” 三个重点.  目前我在补充教材里发现他们以 Subject Pronoun, Object Pronoun, 和 Possessive Pronoun 来代替说明这三个重点. 直接用代名词取代了 “格 (case)”.  即用主位代名词, 宾位代名词, 和领位代名词.  而且, 这是复合名词 - 主位代名词(Subject Pronoun), 如, I, you, he, she, it, we, 和 they.  例如, "John speaks to John's mother, but John's mother does not hear John",  这句子每人读过后, 都会觉得怪怪的, 长得无聊, 而且笨得很.  为什么?  因为通常是这样说,   "John speaks to his mother, but she does not hear him".  是没有使用代名词的缘故, 而造成烦杂多字的句子(a wordy sentence)的毛病. his, she, him  这些单词是代表 John's ,  John's mother 和 John  , 多么简洁明暸. 英文句子写得扼要, 严谨和简明, 应该部份归功于代名词的巧妙使用.  因此, 要学好英文,  必须在代名词上面下功夫, 把它的用法以勤做练习来掌握它. 

在英语词类的变化中, 本博客已谈论过动词.  它是英语语法中变化较为复杂的, 其次算名词, 和代名词(编辑者个人的看见).  名词只有领位名词(Possessive Nouns)与原本名词不一样. 因此把它和代名词合并讲解.  领位名词有“拥有”或“具有”的意思. 为了配合与代名词的翻译一致, 所以用领位(它总是在它拥有的本名词前面, 有带领的意思). 它的行成, 若是单数名词只要在本名词后, 加 apostrophe ( 编辑者用领号( ' ) 又称省略号,  和 ‘s’ ),  即成为领位名词.
例如:
          my aunt's house            the tree's limbs

复数名词的领位名词的行成则比较复杂.  若能把名词的行成复数的各种例证都非常熟悉, 那就简单多了, 只要在本名词后加领号 (') 就完成了. 
例如:
          my friends' parents       the teachers' classes

但是, 名词的行成复数有不是加 ‘s’ 的.  如单数本名词一样, 不只单单加领号( ' ) , 还要加 s ), 才成为领位名词.
               例如:
                        the men's shoes           the mice's cheese

练习 :
试将下列短句重写为领位名词.
1. the book by John       John’s book         范例
2. the edge of the knife ________
3. the cover of the book________
4. the speech given by Mayor Ruth ________
5. the aroma of the flowers ________
6. the bicycle that belongs to the children ________
7. the roar of the sirens ________
8. the colors of the rainbow ________
9. the shoes that Chris owns ________
10.  the purses that belong to the women _______

主位代名词是在句子内作主语或复合主语的一部分.  如,  I, you, he, she, it, we, 和 they.
例如 :
          We are ready to go.

宾位代名词是在句子内作宾语或复合宾语的一部分,  还可以作介词的宾语.  如,  me, you, him, her, it, us, 和 them.
            例如 :
                         Mary gave me a gift.
                         Mary gave the gift to him.

练习 : 在下列括号内选择对的代名词, 并注明是作主位代名词或宾位代名词.
(Complete each sentence by circling the correct pronoun in parentheses. Then
write subject pronoun or object pronoun to identify the form you used.)

1. Aunt Lydia gave (we, us) a book about Elizabeth Blackwell.
2 Women like Elizabeth Blackwell have helped (we, us) by their example.
3 Elizabeth Blackwell's life story was fascinating to Lisa and (I, me).
4 I admire (she, her) and her sister.
5. My father always tells (I, me) that I can become anything I want to be if 1 work
    hard.
6. (She, Her) and her sister became doctors.
7. (She, Her) was the first woman in the United States to enter medical school.
8. I believe (he, him).
9. Can (you, him) reach for the stars?
10. Other people disapproved of (she, her).
11. Patricia and (I, me) will sing for you.
12. According to Daniel, (we, us) have many more opportunities than the girls did 
      in Blackwell's day.
13. (They, Them) are ready to play soccer.
14. Bring (he, him) some paper and a pencil.
15. (He, Him) and his brother will have the same opportunities that women have.


领位代名词用来显示它拥有或具有某些东西.  如,  my, your, his, her, its, our, 和 their 且常常在名词的前面.
            例如 :
Stephen is learning about his ancestors.

有些领位代名词, 如, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, 和 theirs 后面没有名词, 它单独存在 .
            例如 : 
The picture is his.      
The books are mine.

练习 : 用领位代名词重写各句, 使句子简洁(Rewrite each sentence. Use possessive
            pronouns to make the sentence less wordy.)
1. Annie Wang was famous for the shooting ability of Annie Wang.
2. Mr. Wang let her use the gun that he owned.
3. Steve Lee made Annie a star in the show that he had.
4. Annie never missed the target for which she aimed.
5. Audiences could hardly believe the eyes that belonged to them.
6. Mr. Lee wants to use the stereo that belongs to you.
7. The dog devoured the food that it had.
8. I want to change the schedule that belongs to me.
9. The animals ran for the lives of the animals.

[註] : 這裡談到的是基本常用的人稱代名詞(personal pronoun).