87 额外说明的关系子句(二)

英语语法进深──博客

87 额外说明的关系子句(二)                                                                         7/20/2014

第二类的关系子句应用比较广泛, 例如与介词短语 和 不定代名词短语连用.

与介词短语连用即介词加上 whom 和 which . 在 whom 前 (指人) 和 在which
前 (指事物).   可以说 to whom, with whom, about which 和 for which 等.

     例如 :

Mr. Wang, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is interested in our plan. 

Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have gotten lost.

在口语中, 额外说明的关系子句常常将介词置于动词之后面.  把 who (不是whom) 来代表人.

   例如 :

 This is Mr. Chang, who I was telling you about.

 Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before.

与不定代名词短语连用 :  All of  和 most of  等 加上 whom 和 which .

   例如 :

  Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (两句) 

  Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. (一句)

              They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them. (两句)

              They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (一句)

同样用于这些短句: none of, neither of, any of和either of;  some of, many of, much of

和 (a) few of ; both of,  half ,  each of, one of 和 two of  等, 加上 whom (对人); 

若加上 which  (对事物)

    例如 :

     Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.

     Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.

     They've got three cars, two of which they never use.

     Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

习题七十六

       试用 all of 和most of 等介词短语加上 whom 或which造句.

1. Mary has three brothers. (All of her brothers are married.)

         Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.                                    范例   

2. We were given a lot of information. (Most of the information was useless.)        

  r          We were given ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

3. There were a lot of people at the party. (I had met only a few of these people before.)

　　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ .

4. I have sent her two letters. (She has received neither of these letters.)

        ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ .

5. Ten people applied for the job. (None of these people were suitable.)

        ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ .

6. Ruth has got two cars. (She hardly ever uses one of them.)

       ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ .

7. Debra has two sisters. (Both of her sisters are teachers.)

      ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ .

 which (不是 what ) : what 在文法上可用以指事物, 它相当于 the thing(s) 加 which,
 或 all that, 因为 what 本身已含有先行词.

   例如 :

Steve passed his driving test. (This) surprised everybody. (两句)

Steve passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. (一句)

     [注] : which 等于说 'the fact that he passed his driving test'.  相当于它的先行词, 所

               以, 必须用which来连接两个句子.  不可写Steve passed his driving test, what

               surprised  everybody.  因为what 本身已含有  ‘Steve passed his driving

               test,’(先行词). 

习题七十七

     试用左边的句子连接右边句子, 造成一新的句子.

              左边的句子                                                  右边的句子

 1. Sheila couldn't come to party.                       This was very nice of her.

 2. Ruth doesn't have a phone.                    This means we can't go away tomorrow.

 3. Nell has passed his examinations.              This makes it difficult to contact her.

 4. Our car has broken down.                           This makes it difficult to steep.

 5. Debra offered to let me stay in her house.     This was a pity.

 6. The street I live in is very noisy at night.        This is good news.

1. Angela couldn't come to the party, which was a pity.                   范例                      

2. Ruth doesn't have a phone, which makes it difficult to contact her.   范例

3. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

4. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

5. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

6. ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

            请寄习题至                swlei2011@gmail.com

86 额外补充说明的关系子句(一)

英语语法进深──博客

86 额外补充说明的关系子句(一)                                                         7/17/2014

关系子句有两类型:

1.        如前三讲所讨论的关系子句是一类, “阐明先行词的关系子句”, 一定要用关系代名词或关系副词来阐明先行词. 在句中没有逗点. 文法书称为“限定(restricted)关系子句”.

    例如:

             She who is my older sister will come back to U.S.A tomorrow.

                (我在台湾的姐姐明天要回美国. 若没有用关系词who代表说明她是我的姐

                   姐, 而写成 She will come back to U.S.A tomorrow. 是错的. )

              The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

              Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines.

              We stayed at the hotel (that) Ann recommended to us.  (that可以省去.)

  2. 先行词若已经阐明, 那么关系子句在此不重要, 只是用来额外补充说明. 

 但不可忘了在它的前后都必须要加逗点“ , ”.   文法书称为“非限定

 (non-restricted) 的关系子句”.

    例如:

             My elder sister, who is in Taiwan, will come back to U.S.A tomorrow.
             (我姐姐明天要回美国,意思清楚. 用Who引进的关系子句只是额外补充说明.)

             My brother Steve, who lives in Taipei, is a doctor.

             Paul told me about his new job, which he's enjoying very much.

             We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ruth recommended to us.

                  (先行词 Hotel 已阐明为Grand Hotel, 关系子句只是额外补充说明.)

习题七十四

   试读说明, 完成下列各句, 为 “限定关系子句” 或 “非限定关系子句”, 若须用

   逗点, 可加上 :

1. There's a woman living next door. She's a doctor.

   The woman who lives next door is a doctor.      范例

2. I've got a brother called Jim. He lives in London. He's a doctor.

   My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor.   范例

3. There was a strike at the car factory. It lasted ten days. It is now over.

   The strike at the car factory ＿＿.

4. I was looking for a book this morning. I've found it now.

   I've found ＿＿.

5. Taipei is a largest city, and the population is now increasing.

   The population of Taipei ＿＿.

6. A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the

   necessary qualifications.  Few of ＿＿.

7. Margaret has a son. She showed me a photograph of him. He's a policeman.

    Margaret showed me ＿＿.

在两类的關係子句中, 都可用who 代表人, 和用 which 代表事物. 若 who, which是位于關係子句的宾位, 在第一类里可以省去. 但是在第二类中不可以. 一般可以用 that 代替 who 和 which, 用在第一类關係子句内; 但不可用在第二类里.

   例如 :

             Do you know anyone who/that speaks Chinese and English?

             Ruth works for a company which/that makes computers.

             We stayed at the hotel (that/which) Ann recommended.

    (位于關係子句的宾位, 可以省去)

              This morning I met somebody (that/who) I hadn't seen for ages.

                     (位于關係子句的宾位, 可以省去)

              John, who(不用that)speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.

    (在这类關係子句中不可以省去 who, 否则不成子句)
      Stephen told me about his new job, which(不可用that) he's enjoying 
        very  much. (不可省去 which, 否则是两个句子, 不可用逗点分开.)

在两类的關係子句中, 都可用 whose 和 where 作关系词.

   例如 :

                We met some people whose car had broken down.

What's the name of the place where you spent your holiday?

Mary, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.

Mr. Wong is going to spend a few weeks in China,

    where his daughter lives.

习题七十五

试以适当的关系词 which 或 that填入空格内. 若需逗点可加上.

1. Jane works for a company which/that makes shoes.

        (两者都适合, 不需逗点)  范例

2. Paul told me about his new job, which/that he's enjoying very much.

        (仅 which 适合; 需逗点)   范例

3. My office which/that is on the second floor of the building is very small.

4. The office which/that I'm using at the moment is very small.

5. She told me her address which/that I wrote down on a piece of paper.

6. There are some words which/that are very difficult to translate.

        请将习题寄至    swlei2011@gmail.com

            

85阐明先行词的关系子句(三)

英语语法进深──博客

85阐明先行词的关系子句(三):                                                                      7/16/2014

 ^“Rejoice always;  pray without ceasing;  in everything   give thanks; this is God 's will for you in Christ Jesus.” 1 Thessalonians 5:16-18

 

感谢上帝在今晨灵修时赐下祂的话. “要常常喜乐, 不住的祷告, 凡事谢恩. 这是上帝在基督耶稣里给你们的旨意.”(帖撒逻尼迦前书五章十六 至 十八节).  有基督信仰的访问朋友都知道这几节圣经是我们走人生道路时, 脚前的灯, 路上的光.  凡我们要去做的都要顺服上帝的旨意, 也就是说要荣显祂的名. 编辑者经历过.  是上帝的旨意要我继续做下去.  喜欢英语的年青朋友们, 当我们在学习上遇到困难时, 要常常以喜乐的心, 不轻言放弃的毅力, 鼓起最大的勇气去克服它.

 

关系词(relative )有两类:

1.  关系代名词:

       1).  简单的:  who (whom), which, what (=that which), that, but (=that not), as

       2).  复合的:  whoever (whomever), whatever, whichever, 
                            whosoever (whomsoever) , whatsoever

2. 关系副词:

       1). 简单的 : when, where, why, while, whence, whither, how, as.

       2). 复合的 : whenever, wherever; wherein, whereof, whereon, wherefrom, 等.

whose 使用在关系子句代替his, her, 和their.  由这些人称代名词可知道whose多用在人物方面.

     例如:

             We saw some people - [their] car had broken down.  (这是两句)

             We saw some people [whose] car had broken down.

     (写成复杂句 ‘complex sentence’ 了)

试比较 who 和 whose 的用法

    例如:

              I met a man who knows you.    (他认识你) 

  I met a man whose sister knows you. (他的姐妹认识你)

whom  若位于关系子句的宾位, 则可以用who代之.  whom 可以与介词连用. 如,

to whom, from whom和with whom. 但是在口语中比较多用who 或 that, 甚至省去.

     例如:

              The man whom I saw.

    (可写如 The man who 或 that I saw. )

    ( 也可如此写 The man I saw. ‘省去 whom’)

The woman (whom) he fell in love with.

    (可写如 The woman who 或 that he fell in love with. )

The woman with whom he fell in love.

    (可如此写 The woman he fell in love with. ‘省去  with whom’)

习题七十

试用who, whom, whose 和where 完成下列各句.

1. What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed?          范例

2. A cemetery is a place ＿＿＿ people are buried.

3. A pacifist is a person ＿＿＿ believes that all wars are wrong.

4. An orphan is a child ＿＿＿ parents are dead.

5. The place ＿＿＿ we spent our holidays was really beautiful.

6. This school is only for children ＿＿＿ first language is not English.

7. 1 don't know the name of the woman to ＿＿＿ I spoke on the phone.

where (何方) , when (其时)  和  why(為何) 等关系副词, 如何使用在关系子句里.

   例如:

            The hotel ─ we stayed there ─ wasn't very clean.  (这是两个句子)

            The hotel where we stayed wasn't very clean.  

               (这是用关系副词 where 形成的句子)

I recently went back to the town where I was born.

   (或写 ... the town I was born in. 或如此写 ... the town that I was born in.)

           Do you still remember the day when we first met?

the day, the year, the time 等词与 that  合用以表明在其时发生什么事.

   例如:           

The last time (that) I saw her, she looked very well.

I haven't seen them since the year (that) they got married.

the reason  词可与 that,  why  联用以表明为何会发生这事.

    例如:

 The reason I'm phoning you is to invite you to a party.

(可写为 The reason that I'm phoning .... 或 The reason why I'm phoning ...)

习题七十一

     试用the day, the year, the time, the evening 和the reason依你的意思完成下列各句.

1. I'll always remember the day I first met you.       范例

2. I'll never forget the time ＿＿＿.

3. The reason ＿＿＿was that I didn't know your address.

4. Unfortunately I wasn't at home the evening ＿＿＿.

5. The reason ＿＿＿ is that they don't need one.

6. 1989 was the year ＿＿＿.

                        请将习题寄至       swlei2011@gmail.com