63直接引述和间接引述(一)

       英语语法进深──博客

63直接引述(Direct Speech) 和间接引述(Reported Speech) (一)                       3/3/2014

 
编辑者是学习工程的, 所以在撰写论文时常需引述别人著作的结论作为自己文章的根据. 在我国文字中因为动词在造句的作用中不很显着, 而且也没有像在英文句中那幺的重要, 再加上标点符号是近年来才加以引用的, 所以有关这方面的语法不多见. 当编辑者来到美国求学后, 撰写论文时才知间接引述在文章中的重要性.  因此在“英语语法进深” 博客用两篇讲章来讲解, 以供青年学子参考.

一般引用叙述有两种方式：一是叫做直接引述, 使用括号引出别人的原著述说; 另一种称为间接引述.  是用自己的意思, 把人家的话间接的转述出来.  以下例加以说明:

例如：  1.  Ruth said, " I'm going to Shanghai with my mother. "
               （括号内是直接引述, 引进她过去说的话.）

2.  Ruth said that she was going to Shanghai with her mother.
 （在这里括号不见了, 出现一个附属子句, 与主句组合成间接引述句,

                               其变化很多, 参见下面的讲解.）

 直接引述的构成:

        例如第一句, 露丝是在过去时间内说的一句话. 但在括号内必须用现在时制, 因为括号内是指“当时”她说的话, 故应为现在时制.  句中的第一个单词一定要大写(Captalize), 本句第一个单词是露丝自己, 用第一人称代名词“ I ”.   在述语中的宾语, 其领位词亦是用第一人称
“ my ”. 

        若要将上述的直接引述变成间接引述时(如第二句), 变化较多, 列条说明如下:

            1.  若直接引述是简单的陈述句子, 其变化如下:

                 例如,  Ruth said, "I'm going to Shanghai with my mother. "         (直接引述)

                            Ruth said that she was going to Shanghai with her mother. (间接引述)

   其中的变化如下述步骤:

           1.)  用连词that引进附属子句（在口语中可以省略that）.

                       2.)  其附属子句内动词应改为过去时制, 因主句时制是过去时制.
                       3.)  附属子句内的代名词都应该改为第三人称阴性, 因露丝是女人的名字.

                 又如, 

                       He said , "You are younger than I."

                       He said (that) I was younger than him.

                  这是一句对话的用语, 附属子句内的代名词都应该改变. “you”要改为第

                  一人称“I”, 因主句主词“He”是针对我而说的.  而“I”是说话的本人,
                  是阳性, 所以要改为第三人称宾位“him”.  此处必须用悟性来体会.
 
          2.      直接引述是疑问句子时, 其附属子句的引进连词不是“that”, 必须另用其它的连词,
              如, “whether”(或“if”).
                     例如,    She asked me , "Do you often come here to read newspapers?”
                                  She asked me whether I came here often to read newspapers.
   

                        [注] :  此处的连词是 “whether”.

                     又如,   She asked me, “Can you speak any foreign languages?    直接引述

                                  She wanted to know whether (or if) I could speak any foreign languages.
                                                                                       间接引述
                                  She asked me, “Have you got a driving license?”          直接引述
                                  She asked whether (or if) I had a driving license.               间接引述

  习题二十六 :

       试以反面的话重述说话者的直接叙述的意思. 
       回答的句子开始用, I thought you said ＿＿＿.

1. 约翰 : That restaurant is expensive.
    保罗 : It is ?  I thought you said it was cheap.    范例.  [注] :  cheap 是 expensive 反面.
2. 约翰 :  Ann is coming to the party tonight.
    保罗 :  She is? I thought you said she ＿＿＿.
3. 约翰 :  Ann likes Paul.
    保罗 :  does ? I thought you said＿＿＿.
4. 约翰 :   I know lots of people.
    保罗 :  You do? I thought you said you ＿＿＿.
5. 约翰 :  Mary will be here next week.
   保罗 :  She will ? ＿＿＿.
6. 约翰 :  I'm going out this evening.
   保罗 :  You are? ＿＿＿.

  下面是寻找职业的对话实例, 来说明直接引述如何变成间接引述:

        How old are you?
        She asked (me) how old I was.  

       What do you do in your spare time?

        She wanted to know what I did in my spare time.

       How long have you been working in your present job?

        She asked (me) how long I had been working in my present job.

       Why did you apply for the job?

        She asked (me) why I applied for the job.

 
习题二十七 :
    试以下列对话, 将间接引述填入句中.

1. How are you?                     

    He asked me how I was.       范例
2. Where have you been?
    He asked me ＿＿＿.
3. How long have you been back?
4. What are you doing now?
5. Where are you living?
6. Why did you come back?