英语语法进深──博客
65疑问句 (questions)
3/12/2014
回忆能写中文句子时, 要写问句总是在句子后面加上一个 “吗 ?” 字. 不像在英文中却有五种之多的分别. 一般语言学者说, “中文是含蓄的语言, 不愿意显示出自己的内心情绪; 而英文是显性的语言, 就像他们的性格一样, 充分的表现出他们的心中想要达到的意念.” 试看他们往往用疑问句当做强调的断言或否认的一种形式.
助动词用于否定句在 “英文文法” 博客第24讲 (12/13/2011帖出). 现在仅讲疑问句.它大致可分为五类: (1) 只将主语和动词的次序(subject 与verb word
order)颠倒一下; (2) 加助动词 ; (3) 用疑问代名词或疑问副词(who?, 和when....等等); (4) 用附加疑问句(tag-question); 和 (5) 只用疑问声调 (questioning
tone) 而不换词序, 也不用疑问词. 其中除第五类外, 都用 “动词在主语前” 的词序(或称 “倒置词序”), 这是我国年青学生不太习惯的用法, 需多用口语练习. 编辑者一再强调, 语文来自语言. 对以英文为母语的美国学生来说, 他们因听惯了便顺理成章的写出正确的问句, 而对外国学生却要记一些规则.
今举例说明 :
1. Knowest thou that I am the King of Persia?
在圣经中常用这类 “倒置词序” 疑问句. (kownest 是动词 ‘know’, thou 代名词 ‘you’ , 都是古字.)
2. Do you know that the president has resigned? 用助动词 “Do” 倒置词序疑问句.
3. When did he resign? What president? 用疑问副词 (what, 和when) ,并倒置词序 .
4. So he has resigned, hasn’t
he? “hasn’t he ?” 是附加疑问(tag-question)
并
“倒置词序” 的疑问句 .
[注] : 附加疑问句在下讲要加以讨论.
“倒置词序” 的疑问句 .
[注] : 附加疑问句在下讲要加以讨论.
5. He has resigned ? ( 在句尾提高声调 “With rising tone at the end.” 在英美国家用
得很广泛.)
第一类在古代英文里(例如在 ‘圣经里’) 用得非常之多, 在近代英文里则改用第二类, 加助动词can, ...等时, 就是依第一类的方法用 Can you?.....等等. “Will You? ; Won't You?”. 我们发出肯定的疑问, 望得到否定的回答, 以及我们发出否定的疑问, 望得到肯定的回答, 这都很自然的事. 尤以在否定的问句中为然, 这种情形在各国的语言中都有. 如中文的 “岂不是?” 含有 “是的” 的意思, “岂有此理” 含有 “决无此理!” 的意思. 不过在实际的习惯用法上, 这种否定问句, 往往因语言的不同而有差别. 英文里的 “Won't you?” 就比中文的 “(你)不~吗?” 用起来多得多了. 英文里说 “Won't you sit down?” 是请人家坐, 而中文里说一句 “不坐一会吗 ? ” 却是隐隐地暗示请人家可以走了. 所以, 我们极常听见 “Won't you have some cake?” 等这一类的表现法. 是非常有礼貌的对应会话中常用的句子, 请常练习.
练习三十一 :
用括号内的问造句子
1.
(Where is the post office?) Could you tell me where the post office is ?
范例
2.
(What's the time?) I wonder ---3. (What does this word mean?) I want to know ---
4. (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don't know ---
5. (Where does Carol live?) Have you any idea ---
6. (Where did I park the car?) I can't remember ---
7. (Is there a bank near here?) Can you tell me ---
8. (What do you want?) Tell me ---
9. (Why didn't Kay come to the party?) I don't know ---
10. (Who is that woman?) I've no idea ---
11. (How far is it to the airport?) Can you tell me ---
练习三十二 :
以下列诸成语造句
1. Why don't you... ?
2. Couldn't you...? 3. Why did you...?
4. Why hasn't she...?
5. How could you...?
6. Can't the letter...?
7. Aren't you ever...?
8. Didn't it...?
附加问疑句 :
该类疑问句在中英文里都有. 如, You are fifteen years old, aren't you? 在心理学上讲, 英文和中文都具有 “你十五岁, 是不是?” 相同的看法, 有肯定他是十五岁的意思. 这种问句实在是附在陈述句(肯定的和否定的) 后面的问句. 从心理学一方面讲起来, 这句含有 “我已经有些相信你十五岁, 但还不敢十分确定” 的意思. 又如, He has
arrived already, hasn't he? 的涵义也就是 “我晓得他已经来了, 祇是还没有十分的把握”; 所以, 和Has he
arrived yet? (他还没有来吗? ‘当时是真没有来’)的意义完全不同. 这种附加问句有时当做婉转的命令, 如, Take this away, will you? .
附加疑问句有两点必须注意:
1. 附加疑问句中所用的助动词一定要和前面陈述句中的助动词一致.
例如, He has arrived already, isn't it?
好象如中文的 ‘他来了, 是不是?’ 完全相似, 其实是大错特错, 这“isn't it?”要改为
“hasn't he?”, 即如前所述的助动词要一致.
2. 如果前面一句陈述是肯定的, 那幺附加疑问句一定要用否定的, 反之亦然.
练习三十三 :
试下列各句后, 造附加疑问句
1. You wouldn't want to be late, ___ ?
2. You don't mind my seeing this letter, ___ ?3. You will keep this secret, ___ ?
4. He can come by himself, ___ ?
5. She may decide for herself, ___ ?
6. You were together with him at college, ___ ?
7. He suggested this idea to you, ___ ?
8. You are not going to publish this, ___ ?
声调疑问句:
疑问句里还有一种通常表明惊讶的方式, 就是疑问声调, 为了要保存原有肯定或否定句的形式, 而在句末用一种上提高声调, (末一音节读升调) 表明说者对于这消息觉得有点惊讶. 在英文的问疑句里, 声调通常越到句末越高, Are you
there? 一句读起来是, are音读得低, 而是慢慢升高. 不过也有例外.
1. 有疑问句, 如What is it all about? 读起来句末一音节在陈述句中一低下去.
2. 以or not 煞尾的问句则起初保持升调, 一直到最后的or not又低下去.
如,
Will you pay me or not?
例如 : 1.
What do you want (降调)?
2. Do you want anything (升调)?3. You want something (降调), don’t you (升调)?
4. Do you want something (升调) or not (降调)?
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