英语语法进深──博客
62 主动态与被动态
世界上各国的言语都有它们的习性, 例如, 我国的语言要形成被动态时在原则上, 只是在动词前面添加一个 “被”字来表达其意思, 如, “我“被”打.”; 而在主动态时只需要简单的把“被”字删除即可, 如, “我打”. 在英语中则不然, 它有一些特定的模式或规则来表达这的意思, 它与时间没有关系, 只是在动词的变化上形成其相互的关系, 在语言学上称为 “方面”, 即相互关系的 “方面”.
一般来讲主动态的语句比较有力而简明, 用被动态时, 除非在一些必要的地方. 如前所述, 新闻记者的报导, 或修辞学上为了语句避免无变化. 实在, 有时被动态的述说比较简单.
如,
Somebody built this house (宾语) in 1930. (主动态)
This house (主语) was built in 1930. (被动态)[註] : 被动语态语句的构成.(其形式已在 “英文文法” 博客第二十三贴出中说明)
以图形示其构架如下:
主动态语句
────────＞ 表示动作进行的方向
John threw
the ball. (约翰丢球出去.)
说明 : 当句中的 ‘行为’ 是由主语“John” 为 ‘发动者’
"doer" , 动词是主动态的词形.
被动态构架如下:
被动态语句
表示动作进行的方向 <────────
The ball was
thrown by John. (球被约翰丢出.)
句中的 ‘行为’ 变成主语为 ‘接受者’ , 动词是被动态的词形. 只有外动词 (t.v.) 可以改变为被动态的词形.
[注] : 内动词 (i.v.) 是不带宾语的动词, 通常都不能变成被动语态; 若它与介词 (preposition) 连在一起成为介词短语, 可以的. 但 “to be” 动词是一定不行的.
习题二十三 :
试以下列各动词正确的词形填入各句, 完成该句子
cause, damage, hold,
include, invite, make,
overtake, show, translate,
write 1. Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving. 范例
2. Cheese _______ from milk.
3. The roof of the building _______ in a storm a few days ago.
4. There's no need to leave a tip. Service _______ in the bill.
5. You _______ to the wedding. Why didn't you go?
6. A cinema is a place where films _______ .
7. In the
8. Originally the book _______ in English and a few years ago it _______ into Chinese.
9. We were driving along quite fast but we _______ by lots of other cars.
有些被动态的动词需用过去时制
例如 : 我们说, “ I was born ...” (不说 'I am
born'). 又如 :
I was born in
Where were you born? (不用 'where are you born')
information to the police.)
因此可写成两句被动语句如下 :
The police were given the information.
或 The information was given to the police.
其它可有两个宾语的动词为 : ask, offer, pay, show, teach, tell 等等.
[注] : 若用这些动词作为被动语态, 其主语多般以人为主语.
例如 :
I was offered the job but I refused it. (等于 they offered me the job)
You will be given plenty of time to decide. (等于 we will give you plenty of time)
Have you been shown the new machine? (等于 has anybody shown you ...?)
The men were paid $200 to do the work. (等于 somebody paid the men L200)
1. They didn't give me the money. I wasn't given the money. 范例
2. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview. I _______ .
3. Janet's colleagues gave her a present when she retired. Janet _______ .
4. Nobody told me that George was ill. I wasn't _______ .
5. How much will they pay you? How much will you _______ .
6. I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom _______ .
7. Has anybody shown you what to do? Have you _______ .
在被动态语句中, 可以 “Get” 代替 “ be”
例如 :There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (等于 nobody was hurt)
I don't often get invited to parties. ( 等于 I'm not often invited)
在下列句子中, 不可用 “Get” 代替 “ be”
例如 :Jill is liked by everybody. (不用 'gets liked' , 这不是对某人的偶发事件)
He was a mystery man. Nothing was known about him. (不用 'got known', 他常
这样)
习题二十五
试用
get/got 加上 ask, break, damage, hurt, pay,
steal, sting, stop, 和
use 这些动词中的一个的正确词形来完成下列各句
1. There was a fight at the
party, but nobody got hurt.
范例
2. Stephen _______ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden. 3. How did that window _______?
4. These tennis courts don't _______ very often, not many people want to play.
5. I used to have a bicycle but it _______.
6. Last night I _______ by the police as I was driving home.
7. How much did you _______ last month?
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