69动词 + -ing 的用法 (一)

    英语语法进深──博客

69动词 + -ing 的用法 (一)                                                                  3/29/2014

何谓 “活用的英语语法” , 就是把一切在文法书里常见的材料都搜集起来, 还要进一步, 化时间使它和英国人的思想和在日常生活上的使用取得密切的联络.  英语语法这样才得有生气, 学起来也就满有意思的, 不会觉得无味.  本帖子就向着这目标撰写的. 希望藉词类作用的转变, 把和文法有关的英文思想法及表现法呈现给青年学生们, 使你们写出的文章和说出的话语就好象英美人士, 说出他们的本国语一样.

在 “英语语法进深” 博客中用三讲来说明无限式(infinitive) 和 动名词(gerund). 因为它们是英语语法活用的主干.  也是词类作用转换的明显特例, 多变化及充满习惯性的用法, 必须用悟性去学习, 举一反三的去领会, 才能真正体会学习英语的乐趣.  先讲动名词, 再谈无限式, 最后比较它们两者的使用差异, 祈求上帝赐我智慧, 能把它们的使用说得明白.

编辑者初三学英语时对动名词的习惯用法深感困惑.  根据定义它是属于动词的, 因为具备有动词的形状, 却当作名词使用. 它是用 + -ing 作语尾的一种动词变形.  具有这种的形式的动状词 (verbal) 有两种,   一是作形容词及帮助造成句子进行方面用的现在分词(present participles); 另一种则是扰人的作名词用的 “动词 + -ing” 称为动名词. 它在句中只作名词用, 凡名词具有的功能(functions), 它都有, 诸如作为句中的主语, 宾语, 或介词的宾语等. 

还记得恩师邓先生曾要我们背enjoy, mind, suggest, delay, fancy, consider, admit, miss, involve, finish, postpone, imagine, avoid, deny, risk, practice, quit 和like 等动词, 都是常见的, 因为在这些动词之后要 + -ing 成为动名词后才能和本动词放在同一句内.  因为英语语法规定, 一句中只能有一个动词.  其实还有另外重要的一点, 是这样做使英语的造句上增加了很多方便.  因此恩师以他学习英语的心得, 要我们把它们背熟, 用它们来造句, 真是万灵丹, 不会错.

       例如,    I enjoy dancing.   (不能写 I enjoy to dance)

                       Would you mind closing the door? (不能写 “mind to close”)
                        Mary suggested going to the library. (不能写 “suggested to go”)
           [注] : 在enjoy, mind, 和suggest等动词之后只允许跟“ -ing”的动名词. 不能
                     跟 “动词 + to” 的变形, 这是他们语言的习惯用法.
      
           又例如,
                        I enjoy drinking coffee.
                        I prefer drinking tea.
                        I'll do the shopping when I've finished cleaning the flat.
                        He tried to avoid answering my question.
                        I don't fancy going out this evening.
                        Have you ever considered going to live in another country?

否定 -ing 的用法在其前加上 not , 成为 not + -ing.  举例如下:

         
                 例如,  When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not having to get up early.

有些与上列所举的动词具同一意义的短语也可用这种表现法.

           例如, 

                        go on (与 continue同一意思)
                       We must do something. We can't go on living like this!

give up (与 quit 同义)

                        Paula has given up smoking.

在某些动词后可以在本动词和 + -ing 的变形动词之中间插入“人物”等的名字或代  

    名词.

    例如,   I can't imagine Stephen riding a motorbike.

               You can't stop her doing what she want.
              “Sorry to keep you waiting so long.”  “That's all right.”

有时在说到已完成的动作时, 常用 having done/stolen/said 等.

例如,    She admitted having stolen the money.

但为了简单, 也可用 + -ing 的变形动词:

     例如,   She admitted stealing the money.

                 I now regret saying (或 “having said”) what I said.

在上列举的动词后, 特别是在(admit, deny, suggest)之后, 可以使用关系代名词 that , 造成关系子句, 增加句子的多样化.

    例如,   She denied that she had stolen the money. (或 She denied stealing the money.)

                Ruth suggested that we went to the theater.
                     (或  Ruth suggested going to the theater)

习题四十 :

     试用前一句所显示的意思, 填入 + -ing 的动名词来完成下一句 :

1. What shall we do? We could go to the theater.

    She suggested going to the theater.
2. Do you want to play basketball? No, not really.
    He didn't fancy ＿＿＿ .
3. You were driving too fast. Yes, it's true. Sorry!
    She admitted ＿＿＿ .
4. Why don't we go for a swim? Good idea!
    She suggested ＿＿＿ .
5. You broke into the shop. No, I didn't!
    He denied ＿＿＿ .
6. Can you wait a few minutes?. Sure, no problem.
    They didn't mind ＿＿＿ .