英语语法进深──博客
66语气助动词(modals) (一)
在61,62,63,64,65五讲中谈到助动词如何构成句中语气的重要. 最显着的是虚疑语气. 现在编辑者拟用三个帖子漫谈 “语气助动词.” 为什幺? 因为在文章中到处都出现下列这些语气助动词:
can, could, will, would, should, may, might, must, 和 ought . 它们帮助本动词完成要表示的意念. 在口语中更是不可少的重要语汇, 有时我们对会话的内容模糊或不懂, 主要的原因依编辑者的经验, 其原因是对语气助动词的省略形式不熟悉, 尤其是对它们的发音不习惯.
I'm = I am, you've = you have, didn't = did not , can't = can not , couldn't = could not, I'll = I will, I've = I have, wouldn't = would not,
mustn't = must not , needn't = need not , shouldn't = should not,
mightn't = might not.
糊胡涂涂.
这些语气助动词 (modals) 在句中, 有它们自己特异的地方. 例如, 它自己没有很显着的意义. would 它虽有数种效用, 帮助表示该句是过去, 现在及将来, 而它自己仅仅是 “will” 的过去式. 还有它们永远不会与其它的助动词连用, 如, do, does, did….. 等. 它们也永远不改变形式, 如, 在字尾加
"-s" 或 "-ed", 最后说到它们永远不与 “to”连用, 唯一的例外是 ought 可以在它字尾后加“to”, 连用, 如, “ought
to”.
它们在句中的效用, 扼要的说是与本动词组合成动词短语以表达 : 怀疑(DOUBT), 肯定(CERTAINTY), 可能性 (POSSIBILITY) 和 或许 (PROBABILITY), 义务
(OBLIGATION) 及 允诺 (PERMISSION) 或表达反面的意念 (如, can not = can't 等
).
例如, Can
you speak Mandarin? (你能说中国话吗?)
She could play the piano when she was five. (当她五岁的时候就能弹钢琴)
Can you wait a minute, please? She could play the piano when she was five. (当她五岁的时候就能弹钢琴)
Can I ask you a question?
Could I ask you a personal question? (比较有礼貌)
He asked me if I could pick him up after work. (他问我可不可以下班后
来接他.)
2.
可能性的表示法
例如, You can drive when you're 17. (当你到了十七岁时便可以开车.)
Women couldn't vote until just after the First World War.
3.
或许(probability)或机会的表示法Women couldn't vote until just after the First World War.
例如, If you want some help with your writing, you can come to classes.
We could go to Honkong tomorrow, but the forecast's not brilliant. (不确定)
If I'd known the lecture had been cancelled, I could have stayed in bed
longer.
依照下列情况, 造问句使用Can ... 或 Could ...在问题的开始 :
1. You're carrying a lot of things. You can't open the door yourself. There's a man
standing near the door. You say
to him: Could you open the door,
please? 范例1. You're carrying a lot of things. You can't open the door yourself. There's a man
2. You phone Mary but somebody else answers. Mary isn't there. You want to leave a
message for her. You say: ＿＿＿＿
3. You are a tourist. You want to go to the station but you don't know where it is. You ask
at your hotel. You say: ＿＿＿＿
4. You are in a clothes shop. You see some trousers you like and you want to try them on.
You say to the shop assistant: ＿＿＿＿
5. You have a car. You have to go to the same place as John, who hasn't got a
car. You want to give him a lift. You say to John: ＿＿＿＿
Must : 使用 “must” 在肯定句时, 必须知道事件是真实的 .
例如,
You must do something. (意思是你去做它是必须的.) You must keep it a secret. (我告诉你的话, 不可告诉任何人.)
You've been traveling all day. You must be tired.(整天的旅行, 肯定是疲劳.)
Ruth must get very bored in her job. She does the same thing every day.
(每天作同一样的事, 肯定是无聊的.)
Must (not) have done : Must 没有过去式, 所以必须使用Must (not) have done 在肯定或否定的
句子里.
例如, “We used to live close to the freeway.” “Did
you? It must have been
noisy.” ( [注]: 该句是在过去发生的事, 所以用must have
been noisy).He walked past me without speaking. He mustn't have seen me.
Stephen walked straight into the wall. He mustn't have been looking where he
was going.
习题三十五 :
试用 must, mustn't 填入下列各句完成.
1. We
haven't got much time. We must
hurry. 范例
2. We
have enough food at home so we ＿＿＿ go
shopping today. 3. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ＿＿＿ remember to post it.
4. Jim gave me a letter to post. I ＿＿＿ forget to post it.
5. There's plenty of time for you to make up your mind. You ＿＿＿ decide now.
6. This is a valuable book. You ＿＿＿ look after it carefully and you ＿＿＿lose it.
7. “What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?” “Well, it ＿＿＿
be big＿＿＿that's not important. But it ＿＿＿ have a nice garden＿＿＿that's essential.”
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