59 助词 “will” 的应用(一)

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59  助词 “will”的应用(一)

在“英文文法”博客(二十四)课里记得曾写过这幺一段话.  编辑者读初三时, 爱我的邓老师于旁晚同我散步, 他教我英文会话, 那时我们还没有用晚饭, 他突然问我, “ Did you eat your dinner?” 我毫不犹疑的立刻回答, ‘Yes, I didn't .  他很有风趣的微笑的对我说, “你答错了”.  当时把我弄胡涂了, 我是没有吃晚饭. 为什幺答错了呢?  他解释说外国人是这样说的, “No,  I didn't.”  事隔数十年, 记忆犹新.  助词的用法对我国学生觉得极其困难, 尤其是 "Will." ,  因为它们在我国语言里, 是新鲜而未加注意的.    

(1) 单纯未来

在“英文文法”博客中, 并未谈到很多 “将来” (future).  因为将来不同于现在的动作, 它是关于在将来的事件, 还没有动作发生.   我们要领悟将来的动作实际上还没有发生, 因此是涉及动词的‘方面’, 而不是动作的时间, 故必须以“will” 来帮助其动作的将来的情况.  一段常见英文课本都比较注重它对单纯未来的使用.  其实, “will” 这助词还有如下的几种用法是一些文法课本上所忽略的.  例如, ‘愿望’ (wish )  ‘帮助’ (offering),  ‘应允’ (promising), 或‘’ 请求(asking), 将在下面举例解释.  还有“will”与一些副词的连用, 比较对我国年青学生难理解, 在  “60 助词 “will”的应用(二)” 会详细讲解.

 

助词shall 和 will 与原动词合成表示其单纯未来的“方面”使用. 动词不改变其词形故称原动词, 单纯未来用 I shall 和 we shall 而非I will (问句中用 shall I? 而非will I ?), 第二人称及第三称都使用will 来显示其将来情况, 并不是动作.  但是在现代英语中, 也有一种用 ‘ I'll ’ 来表示单纯将来, (‘ I'll ’ 是 I will的缩写) , 因‘ I'll ’短些, 容易读些, 如 : I am afraid ‘ I'll ’ die soon (严格的说应该使用 I shall).  尤其在美国用得普遍.  初学的年青学子应该先养成遵从I shall 的正确惯用法的习惯才好,  如 I shall not be able to 不可用 I will not be able to, 因为是单纯将来,  be able (能) 不是表示能 ‘定意’ ( "will.") 的事. 

        例如: I shall be going soon / I shall be away tomorrow / You will be sorry for this / The school will close soon / It will rain soon / Tomorrow will be Saturday / It will be impossible to do anything tonight. (这种will 只作 ‘将’, ‘要’, 的意思讲.) 在问句中, 你祈望对方回答什幺样的词儿, 便使用什幺词儿当作疑问助词,

        例如:  Shall I te1l him?     You shall.  (此处有命令的意味)

                   Will he die?           I'm afraid he will.

“will”  的其它用法

我们知道“将来”与现在时制和过去时制不同. 它显然是表示说话当场的情况.  如: I will come again / They will come tonight / He has decided that he will not stay here any longer. (这种will作 ‘要’,  ‘想’, ‘愿意’, ‘肯定’ , ‘允许’,  ‘请求’ 的意思讲.)  兹分别说明如下:

‘要’ :  是对话时, 讲话的人现在要去做的动作, 并不是他早已经决定必须去做的.

      例如 : I will not watch TV tonight.  (他并没有早已决定)
                  I've left the door open. I'll go and shut it. (对话当时, 刚刚发生)
                'What would you like to drink?' ' I'll have an orange juice, please.'
                'Did you phone Ruth?' 'Oh no, I forgot. I'll phone her now.'

‘想’ 常常与  think, 如,  I think I'll ... 和 I don't think I'll ...连用
      例如 : I feel a bit hungry. I think I'll have something to eat.
                 I don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired.

‘愿意’ :  这是习惯性的用法, 需要常常熟练它.  不能用现在时制, 因为动作还没有发生.

      例如 : That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.  (不是 'I help')
                 The window is open. I'll close the window. (不是 'I close')

‘肯定’  :  在下面的对话中, 你能悟出为什幺不可用 ('I give') ?  是因为动作要等对方读完了

                时才会发生. 
       例如 : A: You know that book I lent you. Can I have it back if you've finished with it?
                  B:  Of course. I'll give it to you this afternoon. (不用 'I give')

‘允许’ :  这是要在将来某一定时间做的事.

       例如 : Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday. (不能用 'I pay')
                  I won't (will not 的缩写, 用得很普遍, 须熟练) tell anyone what happened. I promise.

‘请求’  :   在这里显然是一种情况, 多般用疑问句(Will you ...?)

       例如 : Will you please be quiet? I'm trying to concentrate.
                  Will you shut the door, please?

 [注] :  在这种情况也可以用 “won't” 来拒绝被要求去做的事.

        例如 :  I've tried to advise her but she won't listen. (等于 she ‘refuses’ to listen)
                    The car won't start. I wonder what's wrong with it. (等于the car 'refuses' to start)

习题十四:  试用 I'll  加上合适的动词完成下列各句:

1. I'm too tired to walk home. (我想要作)   I'll get a taxi.     范例

2. 'It's a bit cold in this room.' 'You are right. (我定意)  I'll  turn on the heater.'    范例
3. 'We haven't got any milk.' 'Oh, haven't we? ＿＿＿ and get some.'
4. 'Do you want me to do the washing-up?' 'No, it's all right. ＿＿＿ it.'
5. 'I don't know how to use this computer.' 'OK, ＿＿＿ you.'
6. 'Would you like tea or coffee? '＿＿＿ coffee, please.'
7. 'Goodbye! Have a nice holiday.' 'Thanks. ＿＿＿ you a postcard.'
8. Thank you for lending me your camera. ＿＿＿ it back to you on Monday, OK?
9. 'Are you coming with us?' 'No, I think ＿＿＿ here.'

习题十五: 请仔细研读下列各句.  试用适当的I think I'll ... 或 I don't think I'll ...造句

1. It's a bit cold. You decide to close the window. You say: I think I'll close the window.  范例

2. You are feeling tired and it's quite late. You decide to go to bed. You say: I think ＿＿＿ .
3. A friend of yours offers you a ride but you decide to walk. You say: Thank you but ＿＿＿  
4. You arranged to play tennis today. Now you decide that you don't want to play. You say: I don't think ＿＿＿  
5. You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don't want to go. ＿＿＿

习题十六 : 试在下列各句中选择对的答案(若有的话)

1.      'Did you phone Ruth?' 'Oh no, I forgot.  I phone (错); I'll phone (对) her now.' (I'll phone is

      correct)
2.      I can't meet you tomorrow afternoon.  I'm playing (对); I'll play (错) tennis. (I'm playing is
      correct)
3.  'I meet/I'll meet you outside the hotel in half an hour, OK?'   'Yes, that's fine.'
4. 'I need some money.' 'OK, I'm lending/I'll lend you some. How much do you need?'
5. I'm having/I'll have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come.
6. 'Remember to buy a newspaper when you go out.' 'OK.  I don't forget/I won't forget.'
                                                                                                            

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