英语语法进深──博客
中文助词的‘了’完完全全是表明这种完结方面, 而不仅仅指过去. ‘下雨了’ 是说正在下雨, 已经开始下雨,
而不是下过了雨. ‘快要下雨了’ 就是说现在已经到达马上要下雨的一种情况 (成为可能的未来动作之结果的现在情况).
现在完了和时间副词
为了“现在完成”是指一种动作之结果现在的情况, 所以照英文的习惯用法, 不可和指过去的时间副词同用; 虽然我们知道动作是发生在过去的时间. 例如 “I have come back yesterday” 是不行的. 这动作诚然是发生在过去时间 (这只可用I came back yesterday); 但是我们是说的现在的情况
(应该用I have come back now). 又比较下列两句 :
He was written a letter now. (他此刻信写好了.)He wrote a letter just now. (他方才写好一封信‘写好不久’).
第一句是说明现在的情况, 是属于“方面”的关系; 而 第二句是说明过去的动作, 与时间有密切的连系.
Paul: What's he doing? Have you got any news from him? (现在情况, 动词变成Have …got…方面
的关系, 意思是“从他那里得到消息了吗?”有没有做完成? )
John: Yes. He sent me a telegram from
其区别之点是:
(1) 现在完成指现在, 而单纯过去时制指过去. (2) 现在完成说明情况, 而单纯过去时制 (除非与动词 “to be”同用) 则说明动作的时间.
(3) 现在完成经过一段长时期, 而单纯过去时制 (通常) 说明动作发生在过去的瞬霎时候.
应用 :
单纯过去时制与 “现在完成” 比较
例如 : It hasn't
rained this week.
Have you seen Ruth this morning? (表示在该早晨)
Have you seen Ruth recently?
I don't know where Ruth is. I haven't seen her. (等于说 I haven't seen her recently)
We've been waiting for an hour. ( 表示我们现在仍等她)
John lives in
I have never played golf. (表示在我生命的整个时段)
[注] : 现在完成常常与现在有关连.
例如 :
The weather was nice yesterday. (not
'has been nice') They arrived ten minutes ago. (not 'have arrived')
I ate a lot of sweets when I was a child. (not 'have eaten')
John: Did you see the news on television last night? (not 'Have you seen')
Mary: No, I went to bed early. (not 'have gone')
在用 When ...? 或 What time ...? 等关系时间副词用作问句时, 必须用单纯过去时制.
例如 : When did they
arrive? (不用
'have they arrived')
What time did you finish work?
又如与这些 last week, from 1985 to 1991….等时间副词连用, 应用单纯过去时制来表达. 因动作是在过去某特定在过去时间发生.
例如 : It didn't rain last week.
Did you see Sarah this morning? (因现在已是 afternoon 或 evening)
Did you see Sarah on Sunday? (肯定的Sunday是过去的时间)
John : Was Sarah at the party on Sunday?
Mary : I don't think so. I didn't see her.
We waited (或 were waiting) for an hour. (我们不再等了)
[注] : 单纯过去时制仅仅表示发生在过去的时间.
习题十一 : 试分析下列各句是错的或是正确的? 试改正错误的句子
1. I've lost my key. I can't find it anywhere. 对的 范例2. Have you seen the news on television last night? 错的, 应改正为: Did you see….范例
3. I've bought a new car. Do you want to see it? _____________
4. I've bought a new car last week. _____________
5. Where have you been yesterday evening? _____________
6. Debra has left school in 1991. _____________
7. I'm looking for Matthew. Have you seen him? _____________
8. I'm very hungry. I haven't eaten anything today. _____________
9. Diane hasn't been at work yesterday. _____________
10. When has this book been published? _____________
习题十二 : 试用下列各句括号内所附的动词, 来完成它是单纯过去时制或现在完成
1.
(it/not/rain/this week) It hasn't
rained this week. 范例2. (the weather/be/cold/recently) The weather _____________
3. (it cold/last week) It _____________
4. (I not/read/a newspaper yesterday) I _____________
5. (I not/read/a newspaper today) _____________
6. (Angela/earn/a lot of money/this year) _____________
7. (she not/earn/so much/last year) _____________
8. (you have/a holiday recently?) _____________
习题十三 : 试用下列各句括号内所附的动词的正确词形
1. I don't
know where Linda is. Have you seen (you/see) her? 范例2. When I _________ (get) home last night, I ___________ (be) very tired and I __________ (go)
straight to bed.
3. Your car looks very clean _____________ (you/wash) it?
4. Nathon _____________ (not/be) very well last week.
5. Mr. Mark_____________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6. Mendi lives in
7 _______ (you/go) to the theater last night? Yes, but it _______ (be) a mistake. The film (be) awful.
8. My grandmother _____________ (die) 30 years ago. I _____________ (never/meet) her.
9. I don't know Sarah's husband. I _____________ (never/meet/him).
10. A: Is your mother at home? B: No, I'm afraid she _______ (go) out.
A: When exactly _____________ (she/go) out? B: About ten minutes ago.
11. A: Where do you live? B: In
A: How long _____________ (you/live) there? B: Five years.
A: Where _____________ (you/live) before that? B: In
A: And how long _________ (you/live) in
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