副词一

副词概说 ( Introduction) 

修饰语的重要性: 前面讲过一个句子, 无论是多么长, 多么复杂, 实际上它所包含的不外这五种成分: 主语, 本动词, 宾语, 修饰语(包括形容词, 副词及介词 ‘prepositions’ 短语) 及连词(conjunctions). 没有了修饰语和连词, 那末我们讲起话来, 都要变成些简陋而局促生硬的口语对话. 所以要了解副词的使用是学习英文更上一层楼的阶梯, 认清英语语言的优美与实际. 

英文中的修饰语有两大类: 形容词及副词. 形容词用来修饰名词, 而副词主要是用来描述动词, 也可以来描写形容词及另外的副词. 一般中国学生总认为在形容词尾部加上 ‘-ly’ 便是副词, 并不尽然. 如: how, when, why, where, well, now, fast, quite, never, soon, here, already等等这些单词都是常用的副词, 并没有加 ‘-ly’.

例如,   He is running fast.

                   The volcano could be seen quite clearly. (修饰另外的副词 ‘clearly’) 

你已经知道使用形容词的目的是描述名词是属于那一类 ‘what kind’ , 有多少 ‘how many’, 或那一个 ‘which one’.  而副词是被使用来说明一件事情是 ‘情狀’, 或 ‘何时’, 或 ‘何地’ , 或 ‘程度的’.  

      例如,  My sister and I visited all the stores yesterday. (何时)

            We looked everywhere for just the right gift. (何地)

            We carefully considered a number of possibilities. (情狀)

            We were really exhausted after all that. (程度)

提示: 上面例句中下面划线的单词是副词.     

副词种类 : 

1.        地点副词(where): 离开, 走开(away), 无处(nowhere), 任何地方(anywhere), 到处(everywhere), 在那边(over there), 那里(there), 这里(here).

2.        时间副词(when): 昨天(yesterday), 现在(now), 然后(then), 后来(later),

    不久(soon), 近来(lately), 最近(recently), 马上, 立即(right now),

立即 (immediately), 仍(still), 还, 仍然, 尚(yet), 以前(ago).

3.        程度的副词( to what extent): 很, 非常(very), 相当(quite),

过于的(too), 真实的(really), 可怖的(terribly), 极端的(extremely), 甚至于(rather).

4.        情狀的副词(how): 快速地, 迅速地(fast), 好(well), 小心地, 认真地(carefully),

几乎(almost), 绝对(absolutely), 一起(together), 单独的(alone),

粗野的(wildly), 容易的(easily), 恶劣的(badly), 聪明的(cleverly).

5.        频率副词( frequency): 偶尔(occasionally), 从不(never), 很少(rarely), 很少(seldom), 有时(sometimes), 经常地(usually), 总是(always), 频频(frequently).

    6.    否定副词(negative):  不(not, no),  永远不的(never) .

   注:  有的副词是地点, 时间副词又是关系及疑问副词. 疑问副词在讨论疑问代名

词时谈到, 而关系副词多用在关系子句上, 请参阅高中英文语法. 

副词并不像形容词必须放在要修饰的词汇的前面. 例如: 修饰动词的副词可以放在句子中的任何位置. 

      例如,  Soon the banjos will play. (立刻要演奏五弦琴)

            The banjos soon will play. (五弦琴立刻要表演)

            The banjos will play soon. (五弦琴演奏立刻开始) 

可是在修饰形容词及其它副词时, 就要紧接着放在它要修饰的词汇前面.

 例如,  The banjos will play very soon.

            The audience was quite restless. 

作业五十

指出下列各句中的副词及它所修饰的字:

1. Some great discoveries are made accidentally.

2. In Egypt in 1799, a French army officer was walking slowly.

3. He looked down, saw a highly unusual stone, and examined it quite carefully.

4. The large, rather flat stone was partially buried in the mud.

5. It was quickly pulled from the mud and very thoroughly cleaned.

6. Inscriptions in three languages had been painstakingly carved on the stone. 

作业五十一 

试写出下列各句中的副词及它所描述的词汇:

1. A French officer in Egypt had casually noticed an unusual stone.

2. Accidentally, he had made a terribly important discovery.

3. The rock had three quite different inscriptions on it.

4. The very first inscription was in ancient Egyptian.

5. The second inscription was in a somewhat later Egyptian language.

6. The third was in a more familiar language, Greek.

7. The message was identically stated in the three languages.

8. Ancient Egyptian writing had previously puzzled scholars.

9. The easily readable Greek finally gave them the needed key.

10. Eventually, the ancient Egyptian writing was translated.