93修饰语的比较级 (一)

      英语语法进深──博客

93修饰语的比较级 (一):                                                 　　　　　　　8/9/2014

在英文法里, 通常公认修饰语的 ‘比较的等级’ 有三个 : 规则的有old, older, oldest 或不规则的有good, better, best 称为 “原级”, “比较级” 和 “最高级” (positive, comparative 和 superlative).  其实这三级只是指形式上的词尾 -er 和 –est及少数不规则的形式变化而已.  实质上, 至少应有五级, 即old, older, oldest, less old 和 least old.  又如,  stupid,  more stupid, most stupid, less stupid, 和 least stupid.  在实际的语文中, 还有种种的表明无定限的等级的字, 用以概括的指明等级, 如extremely, somewhat, “more or less” 等.  有些修饰语在意义上是絶对, 不可以比较.  例如, right  “对”是不可比较的. 决不会有一件东西比另一件more right “更对”.  但可以说more correct 或 less correct  “更正确或不怎么正确”.

在本博客中也把这些修饰语比较的情况加入.  并且预备以三个帖子讲论修饰语的比较级. 而最高级的说明和应用以一次来谈论.  为什么?  在我国的文字里只要在修饰语前加上 “更” 字, 就能达到比较的目的, 不像英语语法有这么多的方法来形成修饰语的比较级.  所以中国青年的喜欢学习英语的朋友要耐住性子, 不要轻言放弃. 

cheaper (比较便宜), more expensive (比较化费) 这是一个修饰语的正反两方面的比较型式.  前者是加字尾 –er, 而后者因超过两个音节, 不应加字尾 –er , 而要加 more 字, 来形成其比较级.

    例如 :

              Let's go by car. It's cheaper.  (让我们开车去. 比较便宜)

              Don't go by train. It's more expensive.  (不要坐火车去. 它比较化费)

若要把两句合并, 可写为:

          It's cheaper to go by car than by train.

             (加上 ‘than’, 形成修饰语的比较级, 句子简洁而清楚)

 

若是两个音节的形容词修饰语, 其字尾是 “y”, 要将 “y” 变成 “ i ” 再加字尾 –er.  但是字尾是 
-ly 的副词则例外, 不能这样写, 是习惯.

    例如 :

   Last night I went to bed earlier than usual. 

       (不能用 'more early', 此处 early 是形容词)

               You're older than me.

   The exam was quite easy - easier than we expected.

   Can you walk a bit faster?

   I'd like to have a bigger car.

               Can you walk a bit more slowly?

若两个音节或更多音节的修饰词,  需要加上 more 的字, 来形成比较级.

   例如 :

 You're more patient than me.

 The exam was quite difficult - more difficult than we expected.

 I'd like to have a more reliable car.

 I don't play tennis much these days. I used to play more often.

       

习题八十八

       试使用下列所给字的正确比较(comparative )的字型填入句内, 以完成之.

       big                 crowded          (early用过)         easily          high         important 

      interested        peaceful          reliable                serious        simple      thin

  1. I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed earlier than usual.    范例

  2. I'd like to have a more reliable car. Mine keeps breaking down.   范例

  3. Unfortunately her illness was ＿＿＿ we thought at first.

  4. You look ＿＿＿ Have you lost weight?

  5. I want a ＿＿＿ flat. We don't have enough space here.

  6. He doesn't study very hard. He's ＿＿＿ in having a good time.

  7. Health and happiness are ＿＿＿ money.

  8. The instructions were very complicated. They could have been ＿＿＿.

  9. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was ＿＿＿ usual.

  10. I like living in the countryside. It's ＿＿＿ living in a town.

  11. You'll find your way around the town ＿＿＿ if you have a good map.

  12. In some parts of the country, prices are ＿＿＿ in others.

有些特别的两音节形容词修饰语, 可以使用以上所讲的两种方法, 如, quiet, clever,

narrow, shallow, simple 等字.

    例如 :

    It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter (或 more quiet)?

  

有些修饰语的比较级的字型其变化是不规则的,如,good, well,  bad ,  badly 和 far 等.

    例如 :          原级                            比较级                        

                        good                             better                                                 
                        well                              better                          
                        badly                           worse                                                
                        far                                farther 或 further

                        bad                               worse 

               The garden looks better since you tidied it up.

   ‘Is your headache better?'  'No, it's worse.'

               In English he is better than any other boy in the class

   Winter is colder than any other season.  (不可写 ‘any season’ )

习题八十九

     试用fast, well, good, bad, badly 和much等正确的型式填入, 以完成该句子.

1. I can  run faster than Mary.         范例
2. Stephen swims ＿＿＿(well) than I.
3. Nathen plays ＿＿＿(badly) than John.
4. Mary speaks English ＿＿＿(good) than Sarah.
5. Which season do you like ＿＿＿(much), summer or winter?
6. Which fruit do you like ＿＿＿(more), apple or pear or orange?
7.  I love apple ＿＿＿(much) than orange.

请将习题寄至                  swlei2011@gmail.com

92常用的英语口语修饰语

     英语语法进深──博客

92常用的英语口语修饰语:                                                                 8/5/2014

so 和 such 是两个常用的英语口语修饰语, 前者是副词, 如, so stupid, so quick, so nice, so quickly等.  后者是形容词, 放在名词的前面, 如, such a story, such people . 也可放在 “形容词 + 名词” 的前面, such a stupid story, such nice people.

    例如 :

              I didn't enjoy the book. The story was so stupid.

  I didn't enjoy the book. It was such a stupid story.

    (不可用 ‘a so stupid story’, 因为 so是副词)

     [注]:  此处用such a…. , 这是习惯用法.  不能用a such….  .

      例如 : 

                It’s such a big house.  ( 习惯上不能写 ‘It’s  a such big house.’ )

                 (中译:  这么大的一楝房子. )

so 和 such有加强语氣的意味. 

   例如 :

              It's a lovely day, isn't it? It's so warm. (实在是很暖和)

  I like Paul and Mary. They are so nice.  (他们实在是很好)

              We enjoyed our holiday. We had such a good time. (实在是很享受.)

              I like Paul and Mary. They are such nice people. (不能用 'so nice people')

 so ... that ...也用得很频繁.  非常好用.

例如 :

           The book was so good that I couldn't put it down. (这书好得使我放不下它.)

   I was so tired that I fell asleep in the armchair.

      (我真太疲倦, 以致在靠背椅上睡着了.)

     [注] : 也可以省去that,  如, I was so tired (that) I fell asleep.

such ... that ...也可以如so ... that ...一样的使用.

例如 :

   It was such a good book that I couldn't put it down.

   It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day on the beach.

   It was such lovely weather (that) we spent the whole day on the beach.

习题八十六

     试用 so, such 或 such a填入下列各句.

1. He's difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly.               范例

2. I like Tom and Ann. They're such nice people.                                 范例

3. It was a great holiday. We had such a good time.                             范例

4. I was surprised that he looked ＿＿＿well after his recent illness.

5. Everything is ＿＿＿ expensive these days, isn't it?

6. The weather is lovely, isn't it? I didn't expect it to be ＿＿＿nice day.

7. I have to go. I didn't realize it was ＿＿＿ late.

8. He always looks good. He wears ＿＿＿nice clothes.

9. It was ＿＿＿ boring film that I fell asleep while I was watching it.

10. I couldn't believe the news. It was ＿＿＿ shock.

enough 和 too 是用得非常普遍的两个修饰语. 

enough 是形容词, 正常情况下, 它应该放在名词的前面, 但是习惯上常放在字尾. 

   例如:

He didn't get the job because he wasn't experienced enough.

  (不能写 'enough experienced', 习惯用语, 不能放动词短语中间)

            You won't pass the examination if you don't work hard enough.

            She shouldn't get married yet. She's not old enough.

[注] : 下面句子是放在名词前面.

例如 :

              He didn't get the job because he didn't have enough experience.

              (experience 是名词,  'enough', 放在名词的前面)

              I'd like to go away on holiday but I haven't got enough money.

              Some of us had to sit on the floor because there weren't enough chairs.

too 有‘超出’, ‘過多’ 和‘太’ 的意味. 常常有些人以为 too 这字写错了, 应该是 to, 切莫少写一个 ‘o’字母.  它是用得很频繁的一个副词. 尤其是它的短语很有用, 在口语中屡见不鲜, 如, too hard, too old, too….to等.  很好用, 多多练习使用它在句子中.

   例如 :

 You never stop working. You work too hard.

             We can't go away on holiday. It costs too much (可省去 ‘money’).

 There are too many people and not enough chairs.

             She's not old enough to get married. 
                  (或如此写 ‘She's too young to get married.’)

   [注] : 请留意下列三个例句:

             The food was very hot. We couldn't eat it.    (这是两句.)

             The food was so hot that we couldn't eat it.  (用 so….that  连成一句.)

             The food was too hot to eat. (用 too..to  连成一句, 很简洁. 省去 'it')

   再举数例, 以供欣赏:

             The wallet was too big to put in my pocket. 
                (不能写 'too big to put it',  省去 'it')

             These boxes are too heavy to carry.

                (不能用 'too heavy to carry them', 省去 'them')

             I am too tired to work tonight.

习题八十七

        试使用 too 或 enough 连接下列两个句成为一个新句子.

  1. We couldn't cat the food. It was too hot.

            The food was too hot to eat.                 范例

  2. I can't drink this coffee. It's too hot.

This coffee is too hot to drink.             范例

  3. Nobody could move the piano. It was too heavy.

            The piano ＿＿＿＿.

  4. I don't wear this coat in winter. It isn't warm enough.

            This coat ＿＿＿＿ .

  5. I can't explain the situation. It is too complicated.

            The situation ＿＿＿＿.

  6. Three people can't sit on this sofa. It isn't wide enough.

            This sofa ＿＿＿＿.

  7. We couldn't climb over the wall. It was too high.

            The wall ＿＿＿＿.

  8. You can't see some things without a microscope.  They are too small.

            Some ＿＿＿＿.

      请将练习寄至           swlei2011@gmail.com

91形容词与副词 (二)

英语语法进深──博客

91形容词与副词 (二):                                                                                        8/1/2014

有关形容词与副词的分类, 性质和功能的讨论已经在“英文文法”博客28讲至36讲共用九个帖子, 发表于1/8/2012──2/6/2012之间.  是分形容词与副词单獨描述的.  现以修饰语统筹的讲论时, 只加强说明它们习惯性的修饰用法.  当完全了解它们习惯性的运用后, 那么在学习英语过程中, 累积了很多字汇, 也就对其他各种特殊的用法会慢慢的自然而了解.  如, well, fast 和 late, hard, hardly 等在口语中用得非常普遍, 须牢记它们的习惯用法. 

编辑者要慎重其事的告诉年青的国内喜欢学习英语的朋友, 副词的被使用的频繁和重要. 例如, 形容词的判定比较简单, 只要认定在它后面的词汇是名词或代名词, 就可决定它是形容词, 不会错的.  可是要找出副词就不那么容易, 因为副词可在句中的任何位置出现, 所以, 在句子中发现一个修饰语时, 先思索它是否是形容词, 若不是形容词, 那肯定就是副词, 可见副词运用的广泛.

good 是形容词. well 是副词.  这是常被混淆使用的修饰语.

      例如 :

   Your English is good. 但是用well时, 须说 You speak English well.   

(well 修饰动词speak.)

   Ruth is a good pianist. 但是用well时, 须说Ruth plays the piano well.

(well 修饰动词plays.)

      [注] : 与过去分词合用时, 只能用 well, 而不可用 good. 如过去分词 dressed 和

known 等.   可以如此用 well-dressed;  well-known;  well-educated;
               well-paid.

习题八十四

试填入适当的字:  good 或well, 以完成下列各句.

1. I play tennis but I'm not very good.        范例

2. Your exam results were very ＿＿＿＿.

3. You did very ＿＿＿＿ in your exams.

4. The weather was very ＿＿＿＿ while we-were on holiday.

5. 1 didn't sleep very ＿＿＿＿ last night.

6. How are you? Are you ＿＿＿＿?

7. George speaks German very ＿＿＿＿.

8. George's German is very ＿＿＿＿.

9. Our new business is going very ＿＿＿＿ at the moment.

10. I like your jacket. It looks ＿＿＿＿ on you.

11. I've met her a few times but I don't know her very ＿＿＿＿.

fast, hard 和 late 可同时用为形容词与副词, 依照所被形容的词而定.  若是形容名词或

代名词, 则是形容词; 否则为副词.

   例如 :  用为形容词

  Jack is a very fast runner.

  Ann is a hard worker.

  The train was late. 

   例如 :  用为副词

  Jack can run very fast.  (形容动词短语 ‘can run’ , fast 为副词)

  Ann works hard. (不可写作 'works hardly')

  I got up late this morning.  (形容动词短语 ‘got up’, late 为副词)

Hardly 有 very little (极少) 和 almost not at all (几乎没有)的意思. 用时要加以留意.

例如 :   

  Sarah was rather unfriendly to me at the party. She hardly spoke to me.

  (撒拉在宴会中对我非常冷淡, 她几乎没有和我说话,.) 

  Matthew and Linda want to get married but they've only known each other
                for a few days. I don't think they should get married yet. They hardly 
                know each other.  (马太和玲达要结婚, 但他们只交往几天. 我怀疑
        他们是否必须结合. 因他们之间几乎互相并不了解.)

比试较hard 和 hardly 的用法.  它们都是副词, 但是, 所表示的意思却完全不同.  

Hard有肯定的意念; 而hardly 则带有否定的意味.

例如 :

           He tried hard to find a job but he had no luck. 

              (他已经全力以赴的找工作, 但没有找到.  ‘肯定’)

           I'm not surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried to find one.

              (他没有找到工作, 我不惊奇. 因他几乎没有努力的试着去找.  ‘否定’)

     [注] :  因为hardly 带有否定的意味, 可以与 any, anybody,  anyone, anything 和

anywhere 合用.

     例如 :

               甲:  How much money have you got? (你有多少钱?)

               乙:  Hardly any. (几乎没有.)

               I'll have to go shopping. We've got hardly any food.

                  (我必须去买食物, 因为家中几乎没有任何食物. )

   The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed.

      (这考试的结果极坏. 几乎没有任何人通过)

   She ate hardly anything. She wasn't feeling hungry.

      (她几乎没有吃任何食物. 她不感到饥饿)

hardly放在动词的前面或后面的位置都可以.

   She ate hardly anything. 或   She hardly ate anything.

(都是形容动词 ‘ate’)

   We've got hardly any food. 或  We've hardly got any food.

      (都是形容动词短语 ‘have got’)

习题八十五

若有底线的字有错误的句子, 试改正其错误, 否则写 “对的”.

1.  I'm tired because I've been working hard.          “对的”  范例

2.  I tried hard to remember her name but I couldn't.

3. This coat is practically unused. I've hardly worn it.

4. She's a good tennis player. She hits the ball hardly.

5. Don't walk so fast! I can't keep up with you.

6. Why are you walking so slow? Are you tired?

               请寄习题至       swlei2011@gmail.com