動詞九

主動態與被動態(Active Voices和 Passive Voices)

動作有一個很重要的 ‘方面’ (Aspect), 即主動與被動的區別, 在文法里叫做 ‘態’ "voice".  這個名稱的用法,  僅僅是表明它的作用在一個動作方面 (Action Aspect).  我們只可以把它當做一個命名.  例如報舘記者發覺了有人被剌, 但是無法知道凶手是誰, 那末他所能報告的當然只是 “A man was murdered in his flat on venue C , etc." (某人在C. 路其住宅內被剌身死, 等等).  因為只是在這動作方面中, 可以避免敍出動作的主人 (即主動者).  有時候, 主動者是不明的 (如上例), 或者是很不一定  “It is said──by whom?” (據說, 聽說──誰說的呢, 並無一定的人).  故此, 請不要深究其根源.

在句子中主語是行為的發動者 "doer", 該句子稱為主動態語句.

在句子中主語是行為的接受者, 該句子稱為被動態語句.

     例如,  I teach you English.          (主動態語句) 

                You are taught English by me.   (被動態語句)       

[說明] : 第二句是被動態語句其與主動態語句的關係如下 :

             1.   主動態語句的主語 ‘I’ 變成被動態語句的賓語 ‘me’ 前面加上 ‘by’.

             2.   主動態語句的賓語 ‘you’ 變成被動態語句的主語 ‘You’. 

(註) : 在英文裡要造成被動態語句, 是在 “to be” 動詞的任何形式加上過去分詞, 如第二句 ‘ are taught’.  ‘are’ 是 “to be” 動詞, ‘taught’ 是過去分詞.  無論被動態的形式是怎樣的變化, 這公式卻是一定不改的.  試將下列主動態中的動詞的變化和被動態中動詞 “to be” 的同等變化互相比較, 看看它們完全一致到何等的地步.              

                                        主動與被動的構成列表如下:

                                                    主動 (ACTIVE)                           被動 (PASSIVE)

                                                        (動詞變化)             ( 動詞“to be” 變, 而過去分詞不變) 

現在不定式(Present Indefinite)     I see                            I am seen

過去不定式(Past Indefinite)          I saw                           I was seen

將來不定式(Future Indefinite)      I shall see                   I shall be seen

現在完了式(Present Perfect)           I have seen                I have been seen

過去完了式(Past Perfect)               I had seen                  I had been seen

將來完了式(Future Perfect)            I shall have seen       I shall have been  seen

現在進行式                                        I am seeing                I am being seen

無限式                                                 to see                        to be seen

完了無限式                                         to have seen              to have been seen

分詞                                                    seeing                        being seen

完了分詞                                             having seen                having been seen 

[注意] : 你會發現在被動欄內底下劃線的是 ‘to be’ 動詞在變化, 而 ‘see’ 的過去分詞

              不變. 

一般來講主動態的語句比較有力而簡明.  除非在一些必要的地方需要用它, 如前所述新聞記者的報導, 或修辞學上為了語句避免無變化.  再將由主動態句變成被動態的規則講解如下 :

                                              主語      外動詞          賓語

主動態語句;                     My mother  fixed     the garage door.

                                                  賓語            ‘be’ 動詞      外動詞的PP        by  + 主語

被動態語句;               1.   The garage door      was              fixed                by my mother.               

                                                 賓語            ‘be’ 動詞      外動詞的PP    

                        2.   The garage door       was             fixed.                (省去) 

(註) :  被動態的第二句多般用於口語, 可將 ‘主語變成行為的接受者’省去.  因此處行

           為接受者並不顯要, 故在被動態語句中常被忽略, 使文章簡潔, 這也是被動態

           語句被使用的原因之一. 

再以圖形加說明 :

                                            主動態語句

                                       ────────＞　　表示動作進行的方向

                                         John threw the ball.           (約翰丟球出去.) 

主語 ‘John’ 是行為的 ‘發動者, 該動詞應是主動態詞形的簡單過去.  因此用帶有箭頭的線指示該行為發動的方向是從主語趨向賓語 ‘ball’.  要將其變為被動態時則反其方向而行. 

                                      被動態語句

                          <──────────　　　   表示動作進行的方向

                               The ball was thrown by John.     ( 球被約翰丟出 ) 

[注意] :   (12/6/2011)講到的內動詞是不帶賓語的動詞,  所以通常都不能變成被動語態, 除非它與介詞 (preposition) 連在一起.   但 “to be” 動詞是一定不行的.

             例如,  They laughed at him.   ( 他們嘲笑他.  ‘him’ 作介詞 ‘at’ 的賓語 )

                        因此可以變成被動態──＞He was laughed by them.  ( 他被他們嘲笑. ) 

作業三十四

　　下列各句中的動詞或動詞片語何者為被動詞形, 何者為主動詞形. 

1. The rocking chair was damaged yesterday.

2. The principal will be out of the meeting by one o'clock.

3. Those vegetables were not planted by Aunt Mary.

4. The lizard devoured the worm.

5. The lawn is watered and weeded by John every week. 

牢記要點 :

     當句中的 ‘行為’ 是由主語為 ‘發動者’  "doer" ,  則其動詞是主動態的詞形.

     當句中的 ‘行為’ 變成主語為 ‘接受者’  則其動詞是被動態的詞形.  只有外動詞可

          改變為被動態的詞形. 

作業三十五

說明下列各語句是主動態或被動態.  若該語句是主動態改寫為被動態. 若它是

被動態改寫為主動態.

1. The speeding car hit our fence.

2. The airplane was piloted by Captain John.

3. Mr. Wang announced the news.

4. The announcement was cheered by the enthusiastic students.

5. Last night our heroic dog was frightened by our new kitten. 

請牢記: 務必做作業, 請把作業及問題, 寄到下列郵箱地址　swlei2011岳宗的編輯深受初中三年級的英文老師──鄧岳宗@gmail.com

動詞八

外動詞及內動詞 (Transitive Verbs ‘v.t.’ 和 Intransitive Verbs ‘v.i.’)

外動詞及內動詞的主要區別是外動詞帶有賓語, 而內動詞没有.  照 ‘方面意念’ (aspect-notion) 來說, 其區別是:  外動詞其主語的動作是射及 (或達到) 別的人身或事物, 而內動詞的動作是內凝於(或止於) 主語本身.  下面列舉一些有趣的成對的內動詞和外動詞.

       例如,         內動詞                                            外動詞

                    I fall down.           跌                    I felled a tree.  砍倒

        I rise from bed.  起身                   I raise my pencil.舉起

        I lie in bed.           躺臥                I lay the book down.  放下

        He was sitting there. 坐在那裡  He set his foot on England.涉足

        He looks round.  張望                  He sees something. 看見

        He listens carefully.   聽             He hears the order.  聽見

        You are talking.  談                      Can't you say something?  說

        Speak !   (你) 說吧!                    I have nothing to say. 無話可說

註:  例中所舉的一對對的動詞很重要, 常是我們會用錯.  就是把內動詞與外動詞

       弄混淆. 請牢記它們, 就可免除很多困擾. 

最要記住的一件事是內動詞不能直接帶賓語, 而外動詞就能夠. 

      例如,   see (v.t.) the water (看見水); enter (v.t.) the garden (進花園)可以用;

                 但是 swim (v.i.) the water (泅水); walk (v. i.) the garden (走花園) 這兩句卻

                  不對的.

再看這例,   The crowd applauded.      People cheered wildly.

      群眾歡呼甚麼? 人們在向誰喝采? 句中動詞applauded 和 cheered没有帶有賓語,故稱為內動詞句.  你若要弄明白動詞是否是內動詞或外動詞, 只要看看句子的動詞有没有帶有賓語, 如, 向誰歡呼?  喝采甚麼? 若是没有這意思在內, 那它們就是內動詞.  所以在 12/3/11發佈的博客論到的連繫動詞──‘Be’ 動詞就是的的確確的內動詞, 因為它只表明主語的 ‘存在’. 

又如,   The crowd cheered the batter.

            People cheered wildly. 

‘Cheer’ 動詞如很多動詞一樣, 可做內動詞也可作外動詞, 那要看它在句內所演的角色為何.  如上例的第一句是向打球者喝采, 帶有賓語, 便不是內動詞. 第二句没有喝采的對象, 則可斷定它為內動詞.  現將成對的, 常容易弄錯的內外動詞分列如下,  記得讀初三時英文老師鄧先生常提醒一定要背熟, 多多練習.

                                          內動詞                                   外動詞

                                     lie – lay – lain                           lay – laid – laid

                                     rise –rose – risen                     raise – raised – raised

                                     sit – sat – sat                           set – set – set            

作業三十一

     試判定下列各句的動詞何者為內動詞, 何者為外動詞?

     1. My sister Carla lost her ring, but I found it.      
     2. I searched the house.                              
     3. I searched thoroughly.                             
     4. I crawled along the rug.                             
     5. I moved very slowly.                                      
     6. It lay near the dresser.

牢記要點:

.  外動詞其主語的動作是射及 (或達到) 別的人身或事物, 帶有賓語.

.  內動詞的動作是內凝於(或止於) 主語本身.  不能帶有賓語,  如 ‘Be’ 動詞. 

作業三十二 

尋找出下列各句中的動詞, 並確定它是內動詞或是外動詞

1. He talked for forty-five minutes.

2. Later, he answered questions from reporters.

3. Do you understand the proposed education plan?

4. I'm growing more and more confused about it.

5. Can we discuss it in history class today?

6. Ask Mr. Dong, and he may agree.

7. Where are you going now?

8. I will see Mr. Wang on the way. 

作業三十三  造句 : 用下列動詞為外動詞造兩句, 再以它們為內動詞造兩句

      9. call;    10. paint;     11. eat;     12. sing 

動詞七

進行式(Progressive Form)

“ is talking” 或 “were eating” 等動詞片語是用來表明主語動作正在進行.  動詞片語帶有 “-ing” (分詞 ‘participle’)稱為進行式, 該詞形不變化.

          例如,   John is still talking to Ms. Wang.

                      Students were eating dinner when the bell rang. 

     進行式不是脫節的另外時制,  它與從前說過的六種時制關係很密切, 換句話說是每種制的附加的有關主語動作的時制.  它是表明主語的  ‘行為’ 或  ‘存在’ 於現在, 過去, 或將來仍繼續在進行的意念.  有下列六種型式 :  

      現在進行式(Present Progressive) : 例如,  They are eating dinner now.

      過去進行式(Past Progressive) : 例如,  They were eating when the bell rang.

      將來進行式(Future Progressive) : 例如,  They will be eating dinner at seven.

      現在完了進行式(Present Perfect Progressive)

             例如,   They have been eating for an hour.

      過去完了進行式(Past Perfect Progressive)

             例如,   They had been eating for only a few minutes when the bell rang.

      將來完了進行式(Future Perfect Progressive)

             例如,   They will have been eating for an hour by the time they finish. 

進行式的是由 ‘Be’ 動詞和分詞 ‘Participle’ 所組成.  注意 ‘Be’ 動詞是不規則動詞, 它的詞形變化在12/1/2011的帖子已經發表.  它的過去分詞是 “been”, 用以構成完了時制.  (註 : 因進行式在實際用到的時間不多, 此處僅簡單提供.) 

連繫動詞(Linking Verbs), 也稱 ‘聯綴動詞’ 

你們還記得動詞是說明主語的 ‘行為’ 或 ‘存在’.  現在談的連繫動詞只有

一個功能──是表明主語的 ‘存在’. 

         例如,   John is my cousin.  (John 與my cousin是一個人, 只是描述主語)                 

                     Mary likes my cousin. (likes 不是連繫動詞, 因它作 ‘喜歡’ 的 ‘行為’用. 

                                                          並且Mary 和my cousin不是同人個人) 

連繫動詞主要的是 ‘to be’ 動詞.  become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, 和 taste 等動詞也作連繫主語及賓語中的名詞和形容詞以說明有關主語的存在及描述.  但這些動詞有時也有 ‘行為’ 的功能, 看它在句中作何用途.

      例如,   

                  連繫動詞                                                     行為動詞

      The bread smelled delicious.                 We smelled the bread.

(描述聞到麪包的香味)                   (我們聞到麫包, 主語和賓語不同)   

要判斷這動詞是否為連繫動詞可根據其定義來認定──主語和賓語是否同一人.

       例如,  下列 ‘is’ 動詞是連繫動詞, 因主語和賓語是同一人.

                   Mary is my sister. (Mary = sister)

                   My sister is blonde. (sister = blonde ‘金黄色毛髮, 碧眼和白皮膚的女人’)

作業二十九  確定下列各句中那個在底下有劃線的動詞是否為連繫動詞

1. I am going to camp. I am happy about it.

2. Luke appears unhappy. He will appear in court tomorrow.

3. Mary felt the velvet. It felt soft and smooth.

4. Have you tasted the stew? It tastes too weak.

5. The bell sounds musical. Please sound it again. 

作業三十 :  寫出下列各句中的連繫動詞, 若没有就寫 ‘none’

1. Mary was feeling nervous.

2. Today was the day for his dental checkup.

3. Did he feel a cavity in his front tooth?

4. The paste tasted cool and refreshing.

5. The dentist seemed pleased.

動詞六

規則動詞 (Regular Verbs) 與不規則動詞 (Irregular Verbs) 

規則動詞的形成是在其字尾加 –ed.  不規則動詞的構成是在其字尾不加 –ed. 而具有各種不同的特殊詞形. 必須牢記, 才能在將來造句上事半功倍, 得心應手.   

下面是一些常用的不規則動詞的構成詞形 : 

現在式            過去式                                        過去分詞式

  (附帶有‘have’ 動詞形成現在完了, 及過去完了的詞形)

come                came                                        (has, have, had) come

eat                    ate                                            (has, have, had) eaten

give                  gave                                         (has, have, had) given

go                    went                                         (has, have, had) gone

make                made                                        (has, have, had) made

ride                  rode                                         (has, have, had) ridden

run                   ran                                           (has, have, had) run     

say                   said                                          (has, have, had) said  

see                   saw                                          (has, have, had) seen

take                  took                                         (has, have, had) taken 

think                 thought                                   (has, have, had) thought

write                 wrote                                       (has, have, had) written 

在三種人稱及單數或複的“Be” 動詞及 “Have” 動詞的現在式及過去式 : 

                                                 be  動詞                                    have 動詞

     現在式(Present)   過去式( Past)    現在式(Present)    過去式(Past)

I           am                    was                  have                             had

                   you            are                   were                 have                             had

       he, she, it,

       或單數名詞         is                      was                  has                               had

                we               are                    were                 have                             had

  they 或複數名詞     are                     were                 have                             had  

因為過去完了時制 (Past Perfect Tense) 的構成是  “have” 動詞的過去式 “had” 加上過去分詞(past participle 縮寫PP)所構成, 故特別再一次複習不規則動詞的三詞形及 “be”動詞和 “have” 動詞的詞形變化.   

過去完了時制是表明過去某一時之前的過去 ‘終結方面’ (Conclusive Aspect) :

     例如,      He had arrived before I arrived. (在我來之前, 他已經到了.)

When I arrived, he had signed the check already.   

將來完了時制 (Future Perfect Tense) 是表明主語的動作在未來的某一時之前將要終結.

       例如,  It will have ended before we arrive.  (在我們未到之前, 它將要完結.) 

總結 :  現在完了時制是用助動詞 ‘have (還有has)’, 過去完了時制用助動詞 ‘had’, 及將來完了時制用助動詞 ‘shall have (還有will have)’ 等所構成.  今以 ‘油漆完了’ (Have Painted) 為例, 以三種人稱及複數或單數說明如下 : 

                        現在完了                                  過去完了                        將來完了

                    (Present Perfect)                          (Past Perfect)               (Future Perfect) 

I                   have painted                             had painted                   shall have painted

you               have painted                             had painted                   will have painted

she, he, it      has painted                               had painted                   will have painted

we                have painted                             had painted                   shall have painted

they              have painted                             had painted                   will have painted

作業二十七 : 說明有底下劃線的動詞片語為何種完了時制 

1. He has worked all day.

2. She had finished her homework before we arrived.

3. By the end of the decade, these scientists will have saved the

    lives and health of millions of people. 

作業二十八 : 依照括孤內的完了時制寫出下列片語的正確的動詞變化

4. she will try (將來完了)              

5. they admitted (過去完了)
6. we convince (現在完了)     
7. it will succeed (將來完了)