62主动态与被动态

英语语法进深──博客

62  主动态与被动态

世界上各国的言语都有它们的习性, 例如, 我国的语言要形成被动态时在原则上, 只是在动词前面添加一个 “被”字来表达其意思, 如, “我“被”打.”; 而在主动态时只需要简单的把“被”字删除即可, 如, “我打”.  在英语中则不然,  它有一些特定的模式或规则来表达这的意思, 它与时间没有关系, 只是在动词的变化上形成其相互的关系, 在语言学上称为 “方面”, 即相互关系的 “方面”. 

一般来讲主动态的语句比较有力而简明, 用被动态时, 除非在一些必要的地方. 如前所述, 新闻记者的报导, 或修辞学上为了语句避免无变化.  实在, 有时被动态的述说比较简单.

      如,     Somebody built this house (宾语) in 1930. (主动态)

               This house (主语) was built in 1930. (被动态)
                              
   [註] : 被动语态语句的构成.(其形式已在 “英文文法” 博客第二十三贴出中说明)
                                              

以图形示其构架如下:

                                    主动态语句

                                    ────────＞　　表示动作进行的方向

                                    John threw the ball. (约翰丢球出去.)

说明 :  当句中的 ‘行为’ 是由主语“John” 为 ‘发动者’ "doer" , 动词是主动态的词形.

被动态构架如下:

                                                                        被动态语句

表示动作进行的方向            <────────　　

                                    The ball was thrown by John. (球被约翰丢出.)

            句中的 ‘行为’ 变成主语为 ‘接受者’ , 动词是被动态的词形. 只有外动词 (t.v.)
            可以改变为被动态的词形. 
[注] : 内动词 (i.v.) 是不带宾语的动词, 通常都不能变成被动语态; 若它与介词 (preposition) 连在一起成为介词短语, 可以的. 但 “to be” 动词是一定不行的.

习题二十三 :

       试以下列各动词正确的词形填入各句, 完成该句子

      cause,  damage,  hold,  include,  invite,  make,  overtake,  show,  translate,  write
1. Many accidents   are caused   by dangerous driving.    范例
2. Cheese  _______ from milk.
3. The roof of the building _______ in a storm a few days ago.
4. There's no need to leave a tip. Service _______ in the bill.
5. You _______ to the wedding. Why didn't you go?
6. A cinema is a place where films _______ .
7. In the United States, elections for President _______ every four years.
8. Originally the book _______ in English and a few years ago it _______ into Chinese.
9. We were driving along quite fast but we _______ by lots of other cars.

有些被动态的动词需用过去时制

     例如 :  我们说, “ I was born ...” (不说 'I am born').
     又如 :
               I was born in Chicago.
              Where were you born? (不用 'where are you born')

 有些外动词有两个宾语, 所以它的被动态语句可以写成两句.

       例如 : We gave the police (宾语一) the information. (宾语二) (等于 We gave the
                      information to the police.)
                 因此可写成两句被动语句如下 :
                      The police were given the information.
                 或 The information was given to the police.
其它可有两个宾语的动词为 :  ask,  offer,  pay,  show,  teach,  tell 等等.
[注] :  若用这些动词作为被动语态, 其主语多般以人为主语.
     例如 :
        I was offered the job but I refused it. (等于 they offered me the job)
        You will be given plenty of time to decide. (等于 we will give you plenty of time)
        Have you been shown the new machine? (等于 has anybody shown you ...?)
        The men were paid $200 to do the work. (等于 somebody paid the men L200)

 习题二十四 

            试依范例, 完成下列各句 :
1. They didn't give me the money. I wasn't given the money.          范例
2. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview. I _______ .
3. Janet's colleagues gave her a present when she retired. Janet _______ .
4. Nobody told me that George was ill. I wasn't _______ .
5. How much will they pay you? How much will you _______ .
6. I think they should have offered Tom the job. I think Tom _______ .
7. Has anybody shown you what to do? Have you _______ .

在被动态语句中, 可以 “Get” 代替 “ be” 

     例如 :
         There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. (等于 nobody was hurt)
         I don't often get invited to parties. ( 等于 I'm not often invited)

在下列句子中, 不可用 “Get” 代替 “ be” 

    例如 :
        Jill is liked by everybody. (不用 'gets liked' , 这不是对某人的偶发事件)
        He was a mystery man. Nothing was known about him. (不用 'got known', 他常
            这样)

习题二十五

               试用 get/got 加上 ask, break, damage, hurt, pay, steal,  sting, stop, 和 use 这些动词中的一个的正确词形来完成下列各句

1. There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt.        范例

2. Stephen _______ by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
3. How did that window _______?
4. These tennis courts don't _______ very often, not many people want to play.
5. I used to have a bicycle but it _______.
6. Last night I _______ by the police as I was driving home.
7. How much did you _______ last month?

61虚拟语气

                                                    英语语法进深──博客

 

61 助词在虚拟语气句中的应用

编辑者永远记得教我英文的邓老师在上第一堂英文课中告诉我的两句名言:

                        To Live as if  you were to Die tomorrow. (爱习光阴好似明日将死)
                        To Study as if  you were to Live forever.  (不断学习好似生命永存)

这两个例句非常清楚的解释虚拟语气.  前者是表示现在事实不真实的虚拟语气的句子;  而后者表示是未来事实不实际的虚拟想象.  因为未来的动作更本不存在, 所以它的主观思想控制说话者的意念.  两个句子的宾语都是虚拟的动词语气“were”.  在附属子句前面都用表示条件的附属子句的词组 “as if” (好似), 如果你在文章中某处看见这样的词组, 应该知道它是表示虚拟语气的意念. 

虚拟语气大致分三类

1. 与现在事实不合 :  表示与现在的事实不符合的虚拟想象.  形式为  If + 主语 + 动词的过去时制 (were) ……, 主句主语 + would (主语也可以无限式动词的祈使语气)     

        例如,  If it were not raining, we should go for picnic.

                  To Study as if you were to Live forever.  (不断学习好似生命永存)
        
              第一句比较清楚.  第二句主语动词是无限式 (infinitive) 的祈使语气, 附属
              子句的动词需配合助词的过去时制 (were) 是虚拟语气, 加上词组“as if”.
                                                
       2.   与过去事实不合 : 过去的假设都是虚妄的.  过去的事情都是事实;  因此过去 
            时制的一种陈述是虚是实, 通常是一目了然的, 其形式为 :    If + 主语 + had +
            动词过去分词 ……, 主句主语 + would + have (或 be)+ 过去分词
  
          例如,    If it had not rained yesterday, he might have come.
                          (It did not rain yesterday.)
                       If it had rained last night, the roads would be wet.
                          (It did not rain last night.)
                       If I had not stopped him, he would have been killed.
                          (I did stop him.)

3. 与未来的假设不合:  未来的动作或事情尚未发生,  所以未来陈述很少是一件事实的, 只是一种假设.  例如, 希望 (I will go), 义务(I have to go),  可能(I  may go),  或期待 (I shall go). 其形式为 : If + 主语 + 动词过去时制( 或were to + 动词原词形) ……, 主句主语 + would     (或 could, might) + 动词原词形(或无限式).

         例如,  To Live  as if  you were to Die tomorrow. (爱习光阴好似明日将死)
                    If  it were to rain tomorrow, what would we do?

习题二十 :

       试用 if 写一句适合下列情况的虚拟语气
       1. We don't visit you very often because you live so far away.
             范例   If you didn't live so far away, we'd visit you more often.
       2. I wasn’t hungry , so I didn’t eat anything.
           If I’d ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
       3. That book is too expensive, so I'm not going to buy it.
          If the book ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿, I ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
       4. We don't go out very often because we can't afford it.
           ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
       5. It's raining, so we can't have lunch in the garden.
            ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
       6. I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can't meet you.
              ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

习题二十 一 :

      试用你自己的意思完成下列各句
      1. If you took more exercise, you'd feel better.    范例
      2. I'd feel very angry if  ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
      3. If I didn't go to work tomorrow  ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
      4. Would you go to the party if  ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
      5. If you bought some new clothes  ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
      6. Would you mind if  ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.

Wish的用法也可分三类说明其表示虚拟语气的形式:

      1.   表示现在或将来的愿望, 附属子句的动词用过去式.
            例如,  I wish I knew his address.
                       I wish I were a millionaire. (但是他现在不是)
                       I wish I were young. (现在他一定老了)
                       I wish I knew.
                       I wish I were dead.
                       I wish 1 were in your place.

2.      表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望, 附属子句的动词用过去完成时制

      (或would, could, might + have + 过去分词).
            例如,   I wish you had written to him.
                        I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to go to class
                            earlier.

       3.  附属子句中用would , 一般表示 对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求.

            例如,   I wish he would answer my letter.
                        I wish prices would come down.
                        I wish you would help me.
                        I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
                        I wish I would remember her name. (实际是忘记了.)
                        I wish you would (或 could) come. (注意非 will.)

习题二十二:

        试将适当的动词形式填入
        1. If I knew his phone number, I would call him. (know)       范例
        2. I wouldn't buy that coat if I were you. (not/buy)                范例
        3. I ＿＿＿ you if I could, but I'm afraid I can't. (help)
        4. We would need a car if we ＿＿＿  in the country. (live)
        5. If we had the choice, we ＿＿＿  in the country. (live)
        6. This soup isn't very good. It ＿＿＿  better if it wasn't so salty. (taste)
        7. I wouldn't mind living in England if the weather ＿＿＿  better. (be)
        8. If I were you, ＿＿＿  (not/wait). I ＿＿＿  now. (go)
        9. You're always tired. If you ＿＿＿  to bed so late every night, you wouldn't be tired all the  
            time. (not/go)

編輯者见意 : 若不是为了高考或咬文嚼字, 编辑者认为现在这些就够我国高中的年青朋友应用.

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