英语语法进深──博客
如何分辨 “I did” (单纯过去时制) 与 “I have done” (现在完成) 的不同? 在中文里我们说 “吃了”其意义是 “单纯过去时制”呢? 还是 “现在完成”呢? , 往往有些含混. 但在英语中, 很清楚, 不含糊, 只要加上一些确定动词“方面” (aspect) 的境况的字, 如, I have eaten“吃过了”. 来表达动作已完成“方面”的意念.
否则, 应该是“单纯过去时制”.
单纯过去时制
请仔细研读下文:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started
composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was
only 35 years old when he died. (莫扎特是奥地利的作曲及音乐家. 生于1756, 死于1791. 自童年五歳他就开始谱曲, 共作曲600首之多. 只活了35歳.)
其中句子全都是过去时制的短句, 简单又明确. 单纯过去时制的最普通的用法在于报告事件. 在传记文学和历史的记载应用中, 只除去对话和作者的意见和附注而外, 都可以用单纯过去时制加以撰写. 制造科学或非科学的报告, 都应该用单纯过去时制. 因此,
写简单明暸的短句子, 就是用动词的单纯过去时制来写. 因为世界上事情有百分之九十九以上是发生在过去. “单纯过去时制”动词词形的变化是复杂的 (参 “英文文法”17课), 不再重述.
应用一: 下列例句用以显示 “单纯过去时制”的使用:
Mary : Did you go
out last night?
John : Yes, I went
to the theater but I didn't enjoy the film much. 'When did Mr. Tom die?' 'About twenty years ago.'
They didn't invite Ruth to the party, so she didn't go.
'Did you have time to write the letter?' 'No, I didn't.'
例如:
Was the weather good when you were on holiday? (不用 Did the….)
They weren't able to come because they were so busy. (不用 … they did so….)
习题五: 请仔细研读下列Mary一天的工作秩序:
1. She got up at
3. She____ . 4. It ____ to get to work.
5. ____ at 8.45. 6. ____ lunch.
7. ____ at
9. ____ a meal yesterday evening. 10. ____ out yesterday evening.
11. ____ at
习题六: 请选下列动词的正确词形, 填入列各句子中
buy; catch;
cost; drink; fall;
hurt; sell; spend;
teach; throw; win; write
1. Mozart wrote
more than 600 pieces of music. 范例2. 'How did you learn to drive?' 'My mother ____me.'
3. We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we ____ it.
4. He was very thirsty. He ____ the water very quickly.
5. Stephen and I played tennis yesterday. He's much better than me, so he ____ easily.
6. Ted ____ down the stairs this morning and ____ his lag.
7. John ____ the ball to Sarah, who ____ it.
8. Debra ____ a lot of money yesterday. She ____ a dress that ____ $100.
习题七: 试用所附于句子后的动词正确词形, 肯定的或否定的词形, 填入下列各句
1. It was warm, so
I took off my coat. (take) 肯定的范例2. The film wasn't very good. I didn't enjoy it very much. (enjoy) 否定的范例
3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I ____ her. (disturb)
4. I was very tired, so I ____ to bed early. (go)
5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I ____ very well. (sleep)
6. A wasn't hungry, so she ____ anything. (eat)
7. We went to
8. It was a funny situation but nobody ____ (laugh)
9. The window was open and a bird ____ into the room. (fly)
10. The hotel wasn't very expensive. It ____ very much. (cost)
11. I was in a hurry, so I ____ time to phone you. (have)
12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They ____ very heavy. (be)
现在完成
词的难弄懂, 应归咎于“方面”的加入使其变化复杂. 例如, I am
recovering from illness 是“现在进行” , I have recovered 是“现在完了”. 但是一面用 I
recover 或 I recovered; 一面用I am recovering 或 I have recovered, 只是说在时制上有分别, 就不对了. 因在这两者之间真正的不同点是“各方面” (aspects) 的加入所形成. 如recover (-ed) 是表明‘复原’ 的这种动作的现在或过去时间, 是与时间有关; 而 am recovering 和 have recovered 是指明情况 (situation), 与时间无关. 示于下表:|
动词时制
|
进行方面(动词 + ing)
|
完成方面( have, 或has + 动词过去分词)
|
|
I recover 单纯现在
|
I am recovering现在进行
|
I have
recovered现在完成(present
perfect)
|
|
I recovered单纯过去
|
过去进行
|
过去完成 (past perfect)
|
应用三:
Steve is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his
key. (司提夫正在寻找他的钥匙. 此处“He has lost his key”是表达 He lost it and he still
hasn't got it. (他掉了, 至今还没有寻觅. 表示‘完结方面’)
现在完成可以与, Just (表 ‘刚刚’ 的意思) 等于 “a short time ago”; Yet (仅仅用在否定和疑问句中, 预期某事件的发生) 等于 'until now', 和 already (表示某事比预期的要早) 等词合用.
例如 : 'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.'
Hello. Have you just arrived?
'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.'
'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He has already gone.'
Has it stopped raining yet?
习题八: 试细读下列各句, 并以适合的 just, already 或 yet填入
1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says 'Would you like something to eat?' 你回答: No, thank you. I've just had lunch. (have lunch) 范例
2. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe?'
你回答: I'm afraid ______ (go out)
3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.
你回答: Wait a minute! ______ (not/finish)
4. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I phone to reserve a table?'
你回答: No ______ it. (do)
5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her.
你回答: ______? (find)
6. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks “Is Ann still at the bank?”
你回答: No, ______ (come back)
since 或for 与“现在完成”的使用关系
应用四:
当 “ 境况”是自一段时间某时候开始的状态, 而不涉及时间, 可用 "since" 表达. 例如, since some time ago or
since something happened, something else has happened, ‘自从某时以后或自从某事发生(一霎时) 以来, 别的事发生了), 如, Since he arrived
yesterday, he has not been seen (自从他昨天到了以后, 还没有人看见过他). 这句的意思是他 ‘到了’── 比方说是昨天下午六点钟到的(一霎时), 但自那时一直到此时刻(长时期), “没有人看见过他”, 所以用“现在完成”.
"since" 的应用于“现在完成”的例句:
Man
has sinned since the world began. 自有世界以来, 人就有罪.I have not been to
He has joined the nationalists since his mother died.
Many things have happened since you went away.
The patient has made great progress since he entered the hospital.
当 “ 境况”是在肯定的一段时间, 而不涉及是自什么时候开始的一段时间, 是当用 "for" 的场合. 如, two hours, six weeks, three days…等等, 作成“现在完成”的状态.
例如, I've been waiting for two hours.
Stephen has been working here for six months. (不用 since six months)
I haven't seen Mary for three days.
习题九: 填入since或 for
1. It's been raining since lunchtime. 范例
2. Paul has lived in
3. Angela has lived in
4. I'm tired of waiting. I've been sitting here _____ three hours.
5. She haven't been to a party _____ a long time.
6. Debra is away. She's been away _____ Friday.
7. Nathen has been looking for a job _____ he finished school.
8. I wonder how
习题十 :
细读下列各句的情况并完成之
1. (It's raining now. It's been
raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at lunch time. 范例2. (Ruth and Linda are friends. They met each other years ago.)
They've known each other for years. 范例
3. (John is sick. He became sick on Sunday.) He has _____ .
4. (John is sick. He became sick a few days ago.) He has _____ .
5. (Esther is married. She's been married for one year.) She got _____.
6. (You have a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I've _____ .
7. (Wendi has been in
8. (He is working in a hotel. You started in August.) I've _____ .
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