Tuesday, June 30, 2015

133英语语法应用(二十)


133英语语法应用(二十) 看图识字写篇章( to write a theme through pictures)           7/1/2015

记得我国有句老话 “篇章” 是逼出来的因为刚学写英语篇章比较困难的是脑海里没有多少语汇要写段落篇章谈何容易.  为了这个缘故编辑者以另一种方式帮助年轻喜爱学英文的朋友增加语汇.  语法方面已经讨论了近三年的时期应该在写以一个以段落为篇章不会太难最后写篇章要有灵活的思想看图识字可能会激起你的思路帮助你慢慢有趣的学习.

下面是一幅图在图下列出很多与图相关的单词或短语.  第一行前面有"to" 的字都是动词.  第二行是名词(很對不起排亂了)再后是有用的其它词类我把它们的中文意义写出来是为了你们查字典在很多解释中要找出恰当的意思比较困难.

另外有些与图相关的问题要回答為的是帮助你们写篇章思想方向.  一定要看图回答.  不可用 "Yes" 或  "No" 來回答.

最后为你们想出一个篇章写作的题目.  请试着去看图来撰写一个段落的篇章.



to celebrate 庆祝           birthday party 生日派對        parents 父母    cup  杯子         
to be-years old 多少歳  cake 生日蛋糕    son 儿子    saucer 茶碟     name  姓名         
to blowout  吹熄           cookie     甜饼      daughter 女儿      knife     age 年老   
to sing  唱歌                candle     蜡烛    brother 兄弟    fork  叉子     next to 靠近         
to make a wish 许愿    present, gift 礼物   sister 姐妹    spoon 汤匙   happy 快乐    
to slice 切开                gift-wrapping paper 包礼物纸   child 小孩    napkin 餐巾 
to eat                       ribbon 丝带        children 孩子们  table 桌子  older 较大的 
to drink                   water               chair 椅子                    vacant; empty 空的
to set the table布置餐桌     family 家庭 sideboard, buffet 橱柜  custom 习俗
                                  coffee 咖啡        in the middle of 在中间  dear 亲爱的
to sit                      grandfather 祖父   coffee pot 咖啡壸   flower 花   tea  
to wrap 包装          grandmother 祖母 candlestick 蜡烛台at the same time同时间
to unwrap 打开        grandparents 祖父母    milk 牛奶    necklace 项链 today 今天
to try 试看               father 父亲    wine   tie 领带  only; only one  仅仅唯一的
                                then  然后   mother 母亲  meal 饭菜    braid 辫子   whose 谁的

看图回答下列各问题
1. Whose birthday is it? 是谁的生日?
2. If there is one candle on the cake for each year, how old is the son today?
  若在蛋糕上一只蜡烛代表一年, 那这儿子今天有多大年龄?
3. How do you know that it is not the birthday of the child in the foreground?
  你怎幺知道这生日不是站在前面的小孩子的?
4. Where are the presents? 礼物在哪里?
5. It is the custom in the United States to sing:  这是美国人的习惯在生日要唱歌:
Happy birthday to you, happy birthday to you,  祝你生日快乐, 祝你生日快乐
Happy birthday, dear (name the person). happy birthday to you.
  亲爱的(添上生日者的名字), 生日快乐. 祝你生日快乐
Who is the only one who does not sing in this drawing?
 在这图中谁是唯一没有唱歌的?
6. Describe the family.  描写这家庭
7. Who is the only one who is wearing a tie? 谁是唯一打领带的?
8. For which person is the vacant chair?  这空椅子是留给谁坐的?
9. Who is not going to have coffee with the Cake? 谁現在不要吃咖啡和蛋糕?
10. Where are the flowers? 花在哪里?
11. Who has braid? 谁留辫子?
12. Where is the only napkin on the table?  在桌上唯一的餐巾是在哪个位置?
13. When do you think the boy will unwrap his presents?
   你想这个男孩什幺时候会打开他的礼物?
14. What do you suppose the father is saying to the small child?
   你猜这个很小的孩子的父亲会对他说什幺话?

篇章的题目 :    My family

132英语语法应用(十九)

     
132英语语法应用(十九篇章写作的范例  an example of writing a theme    6/28/2015

篇章是段落的集合, 篇章在结构上与段落是一致的. 篇章的结构可以说是段落结构的扩展. 段落的写作方法和手段同样适用于篇章的写作.

英语篇章的写作一般至少包含三个段落作者在首段(opening paragraph) 必须明显的写出篇章的撰写的目的在如何发展中间段落, 必须仔细思索如何用段落来支承作者论点应该与写作大纲互应换句话说, 中间段落是作者如何用设定, 辩证及举例比较来显明他的构思的正确.

本范例是美国高中学生 Steve Crandall 的篇章写作他以讨论当今驾驶执照教育的计划为主题.

首段提出以简单明暸的有煽动性的句子使读者对该论题提高警觉随之在后面三个中间段落以非常严重的口气描述驾驶执照教育的建立及对年轻的驾驶者的驾驶教育的规划更为重要的强调语气. 使该篇章能达到作者为减少车祸的主要构想.
The results of today's driver education programs are visible every day, on every road (主题句). You can see them in the guy who squeals dangerously into traffic on a busy street or in the girl who nearly blows through a stop sign while talking on a cell phone (以年轻驾驶人开车的情况作支承细节). Many people say younger drivers are to blame for the problems on our roads; but, if they are to be blamed, it is only because they were poorly prepared (说明年轻驾驶人开车的教育作支承细节). Young drivers are products of driver education programs that are outdated, ineffective, and in need of improvement (说明当今的驾驶执照教育对年轻驾驶人的缺点作结论).

在中间第一段他描述特殊的驾驶执照计划及其效果.
Some states have adopted graduated licensing programs to produce better drivers(各州採取的特殊的驾驶执照计划的主題句作段落间连续的效用). Such programs require that beginning drivers receive three different types of licenses(州的特殊驾驶执照计划分別作段落內細節支撐). First, they must obtain a learner's permit, then, after six months, a Junior Operator's License. After another six months, they are eligible for a full license(州的驾驶执照计划層次作段落內細節支撐). Before getting this license, a new driver cannot have anyone under 18 in the car unless an over-21 adult is in the front passenger seat(繼續以各州的驾驶执照计划的規定作段落內細節支撐). A new driver is also not allowed to drive between midnight and 5 a.m(州的驾驶执照计划規定作段落內細節支撐). This approach seems good in theory, but is it really effective? For example, do the drivers in these programs receive enough behind-the-wheel experience during their training period? In addition, can any over-21 adult accompany a junior operator? What if this adult has a poor driving record? (對該些驾驶执照计划的批判作段落的小結)

其次第二段, 作者以他本州的驾驶执照教育计划和他国的作比较
A few simple changes in the existing driver ed program would do a great deal to improve the quality of new drivers(用有力的主題句子作段落间连续的效用). On the written test in our state, a score of 14 on a 20-question test is a passing grade. It would not be unreasonable to require at least a score of 18 on this test.  Currently, only 54 total hours of training are deemed necessary, with 30 of these hours completed in the classroom(本州的驾驶执照计划作段落內細節支撐). Some countries, including Canada, require many more hours of training ( triple or quadruple the time), with a higher percentage of in-car training(以邻加拿大的驾驶执照计划比较作細節支撐). Those same countries also require beginning drivers to spend a significant amount of money (up to $2,000) to receive their training(再以一些其它国家的考驾驶执照的规定比较作段落內細節支撐). This is not necessarily what should be done here, but certainly many more hours of behind-the-wheel training are necessary(结论要和他的论点相呼应).

第三段作者以车祸的有效减少及其发生的原因作强有力的阐释.
Human error accounts for most traffic accidents(强调人为的因素是车祸发生的最多的原因为主题句). Weather would not have to be a major factor if drivers were taught how to drive on wet or icy roads(以气候的因素作细节的支承). Road rage may cause some accidents, but many could also be avoided if drivers were properly trained(以路况的因素作细节的支承). Unfortunately, no training can help drivers in certain situations, such as confronting drunk drivers(以实例如何面对醉酒驾车的因素作细节的支承). Still, new drivers ought to receive training in night driving, driving in rainy and foggy conditions, and in defensive driving(修改考驾驶执照计划小结论非常有力).

篇章的末段应重新叙述它的要且补充中间段落没有作细节支撑的事项. 若有必须应重新回顾篇章的主要重点, 给以特殊要紧的重点加强使能与读者的经验或生活有关的事项一致.

本篇章确实做到上列要项.
The current driver education programs don't meet the needs of today's young drivers(强调当今为考驾驶执照计划不能适合年轻驾驶人的需要为主题句). What's needed are new, more extensive programs, producing young drivers who are much better prepared for the road and much less likely to have careless accidents(以修改当今为考驾驶执照计划作细节的支承). Human error, which causes most accidents, will never be totally eliminated; but it can be reduced if young drivers are prepared in the proper way(以人为的错失造成车祸为因要修改考驾驶执照计划作细节的支承). In the end, this training may mean fewer traffic injuries and deaths on the road, something that would benefit everyone(以修改当今考驾驶执照计划, 可减少人命的伤亡, 每个人都蒙福. 作有效的结论).


Monday, June 22, 2015

131英语语法应用(十八)

                                               
131英语语法应用(十八)   如何写篇章  How to write a theme                  6/22/2015

希望写好的英语篇章,必须掌握前次发出的帖子中所列的基本要点和对风格的一些原则可是, 識理論是一回事要能实得彻底却是另外一回事毕竟,勤于习写作才是真正提升英语篇章写作品质的秘诀

一般来说, 篇章内每段的主题句要幺是点明论题, 要幺是有助于篇章的过渡就段落本身而言其与前段的关系或其作为篇章整体的一部分都应该表达清楚因此只要在一段的主题句加上一个转变单词(transitional words)或转变短语(transitional phrases)就可以达到目的例如,  againthereforefor the some reason…等转变语然而有时候最好还是用一两句引导性的或过渡性的句子逐步进入篇章写作的意图.

兹将常用的转变单词和转变短语列出, 以供参考.
1.      用于段落扩展的转变词. , again, furthermore, also, in addition, besides, 
     one. . .another, first. . . second. . . third, too .
  2.  有关顺序的转变词, afterward, later,  meanwhile, next, now, soon,
     subsequently, then, until, as soon as, at first, at the same time, before, earlier,
     finally, in the meantime.
  3.  用在比较的转变词,  Also, by the same token, likewise, in comparison,
     similarly.
  4.  用作对比的转变词有 Although, but, despite, even though, however,
     in contrast, instead, Meanwhile, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary,
     on the one hand. . . on the other hand, still, whereas, yet.
  5. 用来举例的转变词. ,  for example, for instance, namely, specifically, thus.
  6.  收敛时用的转变词. ,  after all, in particular, indeed, specifically, in fact,
     that is, in other words, in particular.
7.      用于末段的转变词. ,  as a result(结果),  in summary(整体来说), 
    consequently(结果),  therefore(因此).

篇章写作的分段必须既要符合逻辑又要赏心悦目一大段一大段组成的篇章使人望而却步, 甚至不想去读; 即或勉强去读, 也往往不知所云因此, 把一长段分为两小段, 即或在意义或逻辑的发展上没有这个必要但是使用它常常能达到一目了然的作用可是要留意, 一连写出许多短小的段落会分散读者的注意力更不要为了分段而分段, 因为这样做会影响到篇章简洁的效果写作篇章的分段主要的考虑是段落的适度(moderation)和有计划的顺序.

赵丽莲老师从台湾大学外交系退休时, 向学生作告别演说一文, 是很恰当的范例. (请留意句与句和段与段之间的连接)

I want to say something to you today which I feel would not be appropriate to say at tomorrow’s dinner that you are going to give in honor of us teachers.  Today’s word are not congratulatory, but words of advice and warning.

The time has come for me to retire, not only because I have come to the age of retirement, but also, after forty-five years of teaching, I am physically, mentally, and spiritually exhausted. You are probably the last class I shall ever teach.  My hopes for you are high, and it is my fervent prayer that you will unhappy to see many of my students forget the warmth and enthusiasm of their student days only a few years after leaving school.  They have become immersed in the sloughs of society and have lost the values and ideals of their youth.  What has done this?  The pursuit of money and power which has taken hold of their minds and souls.

Truly, money is important, but it does not deserve to be pursued with the best of your abilities. From the history of mankind, we well know that selfish wealth is something which ruins all that is good and beautiful in life.  The pursuit of money for yourself will never satisfy you.  The more you get, the more you will want.  You will never get enough, and you won’t pursuit stop money to the day you draw your last breath.
[]:  此段与下段都讲金钱的问题作者为了使读者醒目, 且能深思强调金钱所造成的罪恶, 故分别写成两小段, 并以个人生活的经验加强下段的描述.

Experience has taught me that money brings vice and bitterness, not contentment and happiness.  Take myself for instance.  I was born in a rich family, and when I grew up.  I married into an even richer family.  But unfortunately, it was wealth that divided my family and lengthened the distance between me and those near and dear to me.  Money deprived me of all the happiness in my life.  Money brought me nothing but sorrow and bitter regrets.  That is why I hope not one of you will become a millionaire, and lose the true blessing of life, for money can easily bring you misfortune.

Money is usually accompanies by power and can buy power.  Power is often a great temptation to young people.  Perhaps you are still too young to realize how terrible power is.  I have seen many promising youths who sought power and were destroyed by power.  It is my hope that each one of you will carry out his own responsibilities and the obligations of his own work to the best of his abilities. Our nation is now going through a life and death struggle; it is the duty of each one of us to do the work best fitted for us, and do it to the utmost of our ability.  There is an old proverb which says, “A great river is made up of myriads of drops of water.”  Each one of you is like a drop of water.  Alone you are nothing, together you can form a mighty body of water that will be strong enough to turn the wheels of time and circumstance.

Like young birds, you are soon to leave this nest and fly alone.  My hope is that you will not fly too dangerously high, but will fly smoothly and safely through all the storms of life.

The last point I wish to impress upon you is never to depend upon anyone but yourself.  Never be lax or careless because you have kind parents, loving friends or powerful relatives to depend upon.  Experience has taught me that all these will pass away.  In this world of change and uncertainty, what have you to depend on?  Nothing, nothing but yourself.  You must have strong confidence in yourself, bred from what you have studies and from the experiences gained from your teachers.  No one can be by your side always throughout your life.  Even tough you have a strong family background and influential relatives and friends, they cannot add to or detract from what is truly you.  Drink always from the fountain of knowledge, and never be afraid to learn.

Remember that all love is sacrifice.  Your life is not your own, but belongs to
your country.  If you love your country, you must devote yourself to it.

My sight becomes more and more blurred as I go farther and farther away from the center of this world , but you are now approaching that which I am now leaving.  I do not feel downhearted or unhappy, for what is taken place is a law of great, mysterious nature.  There is always some life growing old and fading away while new life is coming into being and growing and becoming stronger and stronger.

I have no gift to give to you for your graduation.  But my little store of knowledge and experience I now pass on to you.  There is one parting thought I wish to leave with you.  Wherever you go, and whatever you do, act as a true Chinese should, and be very proud of being a Chinese.  Being a Chinese and acting as a true Chinese have been the mainspring of my life.

I am proud, not of my meager knowledge, but of the chance that I have had to pass it on, small as it is to you, the younger generation.  Please make the best use of what I have taught you.  I desire that you should devote all your knowledge and ability to your country throughout your lives.

Maybe we shall never meet again in the future, but even so, let whatever I have given you during your school years be used by you in your lives, and thus we will never be parted.  A part of me will always be with you and the generations that follow you.

麦克阿瑟元帅为儿子祷告译文(上次博客谈到其英文)

主啊!求祢塑造我的儿子,使他够坚强到能认识自己的软弱;够勇敢到能面对惧怕;在诚实的失败中,毫不气馁; 在胜利中,仍保持谦逊温和。

恳求塑造我的儿子,不至空有幻想而缺乏行动;引导他认识祢,同时又知道,认识自己乃是真知识的基石。

我祈祷,愿祢引导他不求安逸、舒适,相反的,经过压力、艰难和挑战,学习在风暴中挺身站立,学会怜恤那些在重压之下失败的人。

求祢塑造我的儿子,心地清洁,目标远大;使他在指挥别人之前,先懂得驾驭自己;永不忘记过去的教训,又能伸展入未来的理想。


当他拥有以上的一切,我还要祷求,赐他足够的幽默感,使他能认真严肃,却不致过分苛求自己。恳求赐他谦卑,使他永远记牢,真伟大中的平凡,真智能中的开明,真勇力中的柔顺。

如此,我这作父亲的,才敢低声说:「我没有虚度此生。」

[] : 编辑者读此文的感受生命的意义在延续继起的生命不是只顾自己的….  .

                        李顺长 译  (译者毕业于台湾大学土木系, 现为牧师)




Wednesday, June 17, 2015

130 英语语法应用(十七)

     
130  英语语法应用(十七篇章写作简介 (Introduction to write Theme)        6/17/2015

篇章(theme)  是高中英语作文操练的总称(包含大学一年级英语作文).  它不是创作,而是学生生活片段的迭集, 随着老师的指引, 而将其发表写作的过程下面是撰写篇章的基本要点.

1.      篇章的题目必须涉及学生的生活, 所以老师往往深思熟虑, 慎重其事的来选择, 仍是不很恰当记得恩师邓先生常常要我们自选题目. 主要是让我们能清晰的了解有什幺可供写作的记忆.
2.      篇章的各段要依思路的妥善安排使其可以清楚的一段一段的撰写段落的发展是构成篇章的重要的部分. 换句话说, 段落的统一性和连贯性是说明其主题句的两个重点. 也就是活用转变单词(transitional words) 或转变短语(transitional phrases)组成段落中各句子的流程(flow), 使该段落有生气, 可读性并使用它连接各段落以构成篇章
3.      篇章内是否有不完整的句子(sentence fragments)?  
4.      篇章内是否有不间断的句子(run-on sentences)?
5.      标点符号是否使用适当?
6.      语法是否正确? 换句话说是句中主语, 述语, 动词等是否配搭得适当(agreement)?
7.      拼音有否错误?

篇章的基本风格(style)要素如下:

1.      以段落为写作的基础单位每段都要以主题句开始, 主导思想置放于其句尾使读者對你写的篇章的意圖一目了然, 而且能立即发掘每一段的用意吸引他读到段末时都能将此意圖谨记在心.
2.  用主动语态的句型虽然在报章杂志上常看到被动语态, 那是为了避免不确定的一些事实所以主动语态的句子强劲有力, 能使读者的注意力確定.
3.      使用肯定语气的直述句子它使篇章的主导思想明确, 令阅读者与作者接合为一.
4.      删去无用的单词(omit needless words), 篇章的写作以简洁为佳品.
5.      用相似的句型表达对等的概念. 句型相似可使读者更容易意识到内容及作用上 的相似性.
6.      相关的字词要放在一起句子当中修饰语的位置应紧靠它所描绘的名词或代名词.
7.      词藻(diction)的选择及运用是否恰到好处, 即是否使句子意念清楚, 有力和优美?
8.      结语要用同一个时制无论使用何种时制, 都应始终一致.
9.      欲强调的字词, 应置放在句尾要突显的重要地方, 应放在段落的末尾处因为英美人士的思想路径是如此同样篇章中欲强调的段落应是结束段落.
[] : 该些条文并不扰人, 不必背记, 因为在英语语法中都一一加以讲解过; 所以
语法是篇章写作的基础, 不可中断学习.

篇章的形式一般分为三部分 : 开始段落, 中间段落和结束段落.

开始的段落(open  paragraph)很重要因为它帮助作者对写作该篇章目标的思路清晰在常见的篇章中, 其开始段落都包含三点: 首先是介绍篇章写作的目的其次是引起读者的注意末后是显明作者书写的重点所在所以首段在篇章中是最为重要, 因为它设定作者的篇章基本构思和和风格.

如何发展中间的段落(middle paragraphs).  中间的段落一般都至少包含三小段, 用来仔细支承作者的构思, 并且尽力与所计划的写作大纲相配合段落与段落之间应灵运用转变单词(transit words) 或转变短语(transit phrases)连接, 使篇章读起来有生气, 不忍释手

篇章的结束段落 (Closing Paragraph)撰写应注意的事项:
  1. 重新叙述篇章的概要.
  2. 补充中间段落没有回答的问题.
  3. 重新回顾篇章的主要重点.
  4. 加强特殊要紧的重点.

今以Marshal Douglas MacArthur麦克阿瑟元帅为其子祈祷文为例.

Build me a son, O Lord, who will be strong enough to know when he is weak; and brave enough to face himself when he is afraid; one who will be proud and unbending in honest defeat and humble and gentle in victory. (开始段落)
Build me a son whose wishes will not take the place of deeds; a son who will know Thee -- and that to know himself is the foundation stone of knowledge.  (中间段落)
Lead him, I pray, not in the path of ease and comfort, but under the stress and spur of difficulties and challenge. Here let him learn to stand up in the storm; here let him learn compassion for those who fail.  (中间段落)
Build me a son whose heart will be clear, whose goal will be high, a son who will master himself before he seeks to master other men, one who will reach into the future, yet never forget the past.  (中间段落)
And after all these things are his, add, I pray, enough of a sense of humor, so that he may always be serious, yet never take himself too seriously. Give him humility, so that he may always remember the simplicity of true greatness, the open mind of true wisdom, and the meekness of true strength.  (中间段落)
Then I, his father, will dare to whisper, "I have not lived in vain!"  (结束段落)