Monday, February 27, 2012

连词四

连词应用结语 

任何语文的连词都是作为接合及关联文句的各部分用的.  就文法上讲, 它们是句法的关节.  就意念上来讲, 它们的作用是表明逻辑的关系. 这后一种见解较为不容易领悟.  比方我们常常看见英文句子以“and”, "therefore" "but" 这一类的连词放在句子的起头.  要把这连词与上句的逻辑关系寻出来, 这是不难的; 但是要把它们跟上句的文法关系寻出来, 那可有点困难了, 因为每句可算是一个个别的统一体. 那就是要注意学习英文的要诀──口语的练习.  当初来美国时, 看到文章中用 “and” 在一句的开头, 总认为有些怪怪的.  后来听到他们在交谈时常常以 “and” 作一句话的开始.  也就是在前面一句话说完, 若意兴未了, 立刻用 “and” 接下去说, 它们是个别独立的, 但与前面所说的有逻辑关系. 

编辑者晨修读圣经罗马书12章第一节第一个字是 “Therefore”, 在英文文法上说它只与上句, 或前面所说的整段有逻辑关系, 凡从第九章至十一章所说的在这第十二章开始作出总结的逻辑关系.  能领悟这点后, 才可以了解为什幺有第十二章一节所说的缘由(这经节是编辑者的警句). 兹恭录如下以供参考:

Romans 12:1  “A Living Sacrifice”

1 Therefore, I urge you, brothers and sisters, in view of God’s mercy, to offer your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and pleasing to God—this is your true and proper worship.

(罗马书 12:1  “活祭  , ,   , , , .  , . )     

各类连词应用的说明:

   1.  对等连词:  and, or, but, so, for, yet, nor.
         例如,    He didn’t study, but he passed the exam.
                          (他没有读, 但是却通过考试.)
                      The rain stopped at last, and the sun shone.
                           (雨终于停止, 太阳出来了.)
                      The child hid behind his mother’s skirt, for he was afraid of the dog.
                           (小孩躱在母亲裙后, 因他怕狗.)
                       Shall I write the letter, or shall I do the homework first?
                           (我是写信还是先做作业?)    

2.  相关连词(Correlative conjunctions): both...and,   either...or,  neither...nor,
      not only...but also .       
      例如,    Both my friend and I enjoyed the concert.
                          (我的朋友和我都觉得这音乐会很好. )
                       You have either lost it or misplaced it.
                          (你已经失了它或者误置了它.)
                        Neither he nor I was responsible for the error.
                           (他和我都不负这错误的责任.)
                        Not only did I read it, but also (I) memorized it.
                           (我不谨谨读了它, 并且也牢记它.) 

3.  从属连词的应用分别阐明如下:
    1)表示时间: when, while,  as,  since,  till,  until,  before after.
            例如,   Since Peter became the CEO, our company has made a lot of money.
                            (自从彼得升为主管, 我们的公司赚了很多钱.)
                        Look before you leap. (三思而后行)
       2)表示条件: if, when, on condition(that), as long as unless.
            例如,   I won’t call you unless something important happens.
                             (直到一些重要的事发生, 我不会叫你.)
                        When he knows the answer, he’ll let me know.
                             (当他知道答案后, 他会让我知道.)
                        If I am rich, I’ll buy a car.
                             (若我富有, 我将买一辆汽车.)
        3)表示目的: so that, in order that, lest…should for fear that…might.
             例如,  For fear that her boss might forget, Mary kept reminding him of the
                              important conference.
                                   (玛丽为了害怕她的上司可能忘记这重要的会议,
                                     她不住的提醒他.)
                              They evacuated the building lest the wall should collapse.
                                   (他们迁出这建筑物因恐墙倒塌.)
        4)表示让步: although, instead, rather than, but, nevertheless, though,
                  however,  on the other hand, otherwise.
             例如,   Although the quality of this product is good ,the price is too high.
                             (即使这物品质地很好,但价格太贵.)
I’ll go swimming whether it rains or not.
                           (不管下雨与否, 我都要去游泳.)
 5)表示原因: because, as, since now that(=since)
            例如,     Since we have to respond to many people, we use a form letter.
                             (因这是对很多人的, 所以我们用正式的信件.)
                          Now that you mention it, I do remember.
                             (你现在提醒我, 我一定记牢.) 

结语: 连词的应用在英语中有其独特的重要性. 上面所述的三类连词都是用以连
  接子句, 但是你可曾领悟, 第三类的连词却是非常特殊, 用途也广,  使句子
变化多端, 令人读后, 回味无穷. 
                例如,  You will sing, and he will play the guitar. (你唱歌, 他演奏吉他.) 

                这是以对等连词结合的混合句子, 意思非常清楚, 没有其它甚幺连带的从属
关系, 较容易模仿造句.  若用从属连词, 你就发现这句子其它的部分都一样,
只是使用不同的从属连词, 其各句的意义都不一样.  用什幺从属连词, 就有
它独特的意念, 全然相异, 这点你要仔细的记牢. 

                    例如,   If you sing, he will play the guitar. (你若唱歌, 他就弹吉他.)
                                When you sing, he will play the guitar. (当你唱歌, 他就弹吉他.)
                                After you sing, he will play the guitar. (在你唱歌后, 他才弹吉他.)  
                                Until you sing, he will play the guitar. (直等你唱歌后, 他才弹吉他.)
                                Unless you sing, he will play the guitar. (除非你唱歌, 他才弹吉他.) 

                提示:   你在用从属连词时, 必须慎密思考你要表达的意念; 否则, 很容易使
                            你所造的句子词不达意, 失去了你想说的意思.


作业六十二 

试用下列从属连词造句:
 1. after      2. until     3.  if     4.  since    5. unless      6. when   7. before


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