Friday, February 10, 2012

连词一

连词概述 ( An introduction to conjunction

在张沛霖先生汉译林语堂博士所著的开明英文法 , 没有特别把形容词, 副词, 连词和介词 (preposition) 像一般的学校所用的英文文法教科书那么分门别类的的讲授, 实在是有其不得已的苦衷.  若编辑者还能有时间与各位年青学子继续分享进深英文文法, 我一定是依照开明英文法的要旨, 把形容词及副词合在修饰语一类讲解, 其实它们更本是同一类的修饰词汇, 只是形容词描述名词, 而副词是主要描绘动词. 也要将连词与介词以关系词类予以介绍, 因为实际上它们是阐明句子内其词汇之间的关系的 (relationship).  

连词是关系词汇:

连词是连接句中的单词,短语,子句或句子的关系词类. 它是构成混合句 (compound sentences), 复杂句 (complex sentences) 及混合复杂句(compound and complex sentences) 关系复杂的句子的主要功臣. 有了它句子就美轮美奂, 令人百读不厌, 也引起一般英文语文学者穷追不舍来研究英文修辞这方面的兴致. 介词的功用也是一样, 把字与字间的位置配合得恰到好处, 明确其不变的意义. 所以有人说英文是实用的语言, 尤其在科学上的应用上, 其意念不会有模棱两可, 似是而非的情形发生. 它把词与词之间的关系建立起来, 使听的人能达到清澈见底的明白; 使读的人一目了然, 明如指掌. 是这样, 不然它怎么能成为今日通行全世界的语言. 

现在以常见的三个连词加以阐明连词如何连接句中的单词或短语, 以便形成复合主语与复杂的宾语, : and , but , or . 它也连接子句 (clauses) 与句子. 这些复杂的句子结构, 容编辑者以后再介绍. 你们是刚入门学习英文语法的年青学生, 凡你们读到的多般是如下列的短句:
    Palm trees and azalea flowers decorate the campus of National Taiwan University.
       (棕榈树和杜鹃花点缀着整个台湾大学的校园.  [连接短语]) 
    He is poor but honest.
       (他虽贫穷但诚实. [连接单词])
    Would you like tea or coffee?
       (你是喜爱茶或是咖啡?  [连接单词])
   :  由上列三个例句中, 你会很清楚的分辨出这三个重要的连词在使用上的不同意义. 要用心领悟, 才不会出错. 第一句是作简单的连接用; 第二句却有对比的意念; 第三句很明显的表示有选择的意思 

连词的分类: 

依其用法分有:
   1. 对等连词 (Coordinate Conjunctions) : and, or, but.
        例如,   Susan was beautiful and exciting.  (苏珊很漂亮且活泼.)
                       A hurricane arrived slowly but powerfully. (台风来得虽慢但强烈.)
                       Did it cause any injuries or accidents?  (它造成受伤或事件吗?)      

      2. 从属连词 (Subordinate Conjunctions) : because, if, after, before, as, that.
         例如:The fact that he went there proves his interest.
(他到那里,去这事实证明他的兴趣. )
As I was late, I did 'not receive a copy of the outline.
(因为迟了, 我不曾收到一份大纲.)
                        We believe these things because we see them in the newspaper.
(我们想信这些事情, 因为我们在报纸上见到它们.)

 依其形状分有:

1.     简单连词 (simple conjunctions)
              例如,   Are we to have a meeting today or tomorrow?
                      (我们是今天开会, 还是明天?)
2.  短语连词 (phrase conjunctions)
              例如,   He did not come this morning but yesterday evening.
                            (他今天早晨没來, 但是昨天晚上他來了.)             
3.  子句连词 (clause conjunctions)
              例如,   I don't know whether he will come. 
                            (我不知道他是否会来. [复杂句子, whether he will come
                             是从属子句])
      4.  句子连词(sentence conjunctions)
              例如,   The snowy streets had been plowed, and the roads were sanded.
                            (积雪的街道已经铲雪, 并且道路也铺上砂石. [连接两个句子])
   提示:连词在英语中的运用比在我国语言中广泛得多. 这需要多加注意.

 
作业五十七 

试将下列各句中的连词底下划线:
1. My mother and grandmother lived in China.
2. They took my brother and me to visit.
3. We could have flown, but we traveled by ship.
4. Taipei is green and lovely city.
5. We swam and sunbathed in the afternoon. 

思想及牢记:
   记住and, but, or在使用上有不同的含义.

作业五十八 

写出下列各句中的连词及其在使用上的意义, : 连接, 对比或选择.
:  Our cruise ship was big and roomy.
   àand  (连接)
1. There were many contests and other activities.
2. You could join in the fun or just relax.
3. I tried fishing, but I did not catch anything.
4. He offered it to me, but I said, "No, thanks."


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