1312 水利工程學(二) 中國古老水利工程 (二) 鄭國渠, 靈渠 06/12/2025

一. "鄭國渠"

"鄭國渠"

是中國在戰國時期的水利學家鄭國，於秦王政元年（前246年）為秦國所築的灌溉河渠。河渠長三百里，位於今日陝西省涇陽縣上然村涇出口一帶。為紀念韓國工程師鄭國而得名。建造經過: 鄭國渠由韓國水工鄭國主持修建。鄭國原本是西去秦國的奸細，本是去勸說秦王政興修水利工程，企圖使秦國把經費消耗, 免去攻擊韓國.

秦王得知該陰謀後, 不但沒有殺他, 反而支持他去克工. 使原本廢棄的含塩和鹼的涇河與洛水之間一大塊土地得到大量灌溉水, 而使土壤大大改變, 得以豐收. 却不料使秦國因該水利工程更大大的強盛. 十數年後韓國還是被消滅. 該工程一直使用至今. 留德研究水利工程的李儀祉大師, 更使 "鄭國渠" 的功效發揮廣大, 為編輯者忠心佩服. The Zheng Guo Canal was an irrigation canal built by Zheng Guo, a hydraulic engineer during the Warring States period of China, for the Qin state in 246 BC. The canal was 300 li long and located near the Jingkou area of Shangran Village, Jingyang County, Shaanxi Province. It was named in honor of Zheng Guo, an engineer from the state of Han. Construction: The Zheng Guo Canal was built under the supervision of Zheng Guo, a hydraulic engineer from Han. Zheng Guo was originally a spy sent west to the Qin state to persuade King Zheng of Qin to undertake a water conservancy project, hoping to deplete Qin's funds and prevent them from attacking the Han state. Upon learning of the plot, King Zheng not only spared Zheng Guo's life but also supported his efforts. This project brought abundant irrigation to a large area of previously abandoned, salt-laden land between the Jing and Luo rivers, significantly improving the soil and leading to bountiful harvests. Unexpectedly, this water conservancy project further strengthened Qin's power. A few decades later, Han was still conquered. The project remains in use to this day. The renowned hydraulic engineer Li Yizhi, who studied water conservancy in Germany, further enhanced the effectiveness of the "Zheng Guo Canal," earning the editor's sincere admiration.

"鄭國渠" 是始於秦國, 由涇水谷口開始至洛水(漢代加建白渠的終點)

二. 靈渠(Navigation Canal)

編輯者每當回憶恩師在講授水利工程, 提到 "靈渠" 時常常面帶微笑, 似乎有得意的表示. 公元前 200 多年前, 我們就有原式型的 "陡門(現代稱為 "船閘" 示如下圖)"

圖一. 靈渠 "陡門."

圖二. 船要通行時, 正在製作臨時的船閘 (船通過後, 這 "陡門" 立即折掉) . 靈渠 "陡門."

靈渠是由祿主持測繪, 及探勘, 並建造的. 尤其是在測量儀器缺失的中國古代, 很不容易測出渠道水流的水面的高差(這是建造靈渠最艱難之處.)

陡门(原始的船閘)是古代江南水乡常见的圩区水利设施，多由石料建造，兼具调节水位、灌溉排涝、通航运输等复合功能。其雏形可追溯至秦代，灵渠陡门为现存最早实例，由史祿(後人稱他為史祿) 主持凿建，采用陡盘、陡杠等竹木构件形成塞陡系统，工作原理类似现代船闸，现存18座遗迹。唐代起逐渐普及于运河及灌溉渠系，至北宋后发展为复闸技术，并形成专职管理机构陡軍(不再折掉, 而為永久閘門.)。

平阳陡门建于清乾隆年间，经多次改建形成两闸四孔结构，现存花岗岩闸桥与800米防洪堤，受益农田达8000亩。浙东运河余姚段陡亹始建于明代，1952年改建为爱国增产闸，配套纤道与码头促进商贸发展。宋代瑞安石岗陡门采用闸桥一体设计，体现木鹅选址、以石代木等技术特征。明清时期永定陡门等设施增设楹联石刻，兼具文化象征与实用功能.

現湘桂鉄路暢通, 該靈渠船運功能停止, 因為陡門運作太費時, 費錢, 費人力, 因此停止作運輸之用, 改為作灌溉良田的水渠. The Lingqu Canal (Navigation Canal) was surveyed and explored under the supervision of Shi Lu. Especially in ancient China, where surveying instruments were scarce, it was extremely difficult to measure the water level difference.

Sluice gates (ancient shiplock) were common water conservancy facilities in the ancient Jiangnan water towns, mostly constructed of stone, serving multiple functions including water level regulation, irrigation, flood drainage, and navigation. Their prototypes can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty. The Lingqu Canal sluice gate is the earliest existing example, constructed under the supervision of Shi Lu. It used bamboo and wooden components such as sluice plates and sluice bars to form a sluice gate system, working similarly to modern locks. Eighteen sluice gate remains. From the Tang Dynasty onwards, they gradually became widespread in canals and irrigation systems. After the Northern Song Dynasty, they developed into a double-sluice gate technology and formed a dedicated management agency, the "Sluice Army."

The Pingyang sluice gate was built during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. After several renovations, it became a two-sluice, four-arch structure. The existing granite sluice bridge and 800-meter flood control dike benefit 8,000 mu of farmland. The Yuyao section of the Zhejiang East Canal, known as the Lingqu Canal, was first built in the Ming Dynasty. In 1952, it was rebuilt as the Aiguo Zengchan (Patriotic Production Increase Gate), with accompanying towpaths and wharves to promote commerce. The Shigang Sluice Gate in Ruian, built during the Song Dynasty, adopted an integrated gate-bridge design, showcasing technical features such as the use of wooden sluices for site selection and the substitution of stone for wood. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, facilities such as the Yongding Sluice Gate added stone inscriptions and couplets, combining cultural symbolism with practical function. Now, with the Xiang-Gui Railway open, the Lingqu Canal's shipping function has ceased because operating the sluice gates is too time-consuming, costly, and labor-intensive. Therefore, it has been converted into an irrigation canal for farmland now.

編輯者在讀台大土木系水利組時, 曾常常聽到恩師徐世大教授在教水利工程時說, "靈渠" 是古人智慧的創作. 公元前214年, 也就是在2214年前, 古人就有建築船閘的構想. 只是那時候, 在建築靈渠時稱為 "陡門" , 就是現代的船閘. 只是還沒有達到用電控制船閘門, 而是用人工粗陋製造的暫時擋住水流的遮攔門, 使水位暫時升高, 讓船隻等到水位升至將近一樣高時立刻讓船過去, 然後拿掉, 再有船來要通過, 如法再做一次. 到了宋朝年間, 才在大運河建築自動開啟關閉的船閘門. 斯時荷蘭國也有這樣的閘門. (靈渠位置圖如下所示).

現時因公路鉄路輰通, 已轉移作灌溉農田用之渠道.