70 “动词 + to……” 的用法(二)

英语语法进深──博客

70 “动词 + to……” 的用法 (二)                                                                            4/2/2014

“infinitive” 在张沛霖先生所翻译的林语堂着 “开明英文法”中的译名为 “无限式”, 他说,  “无限式是动词的一种形式, 不受人称,  数…等等的限制.” (参考 “ 汉译开明英文法” 2.30 节 :  ‘动词当名词’ 第五行. 第27页) 所以我愿用这译名.  它的构成 = To + 本动词. 例如, to do, to eat, to fight 等等. 除了少数因只能使用动名词而受到约束外, 几乎大多数动词都可用这种形式. 它有两种时制, 无限式简单现在时制和现在完了时制. 前者用得较为普通, 也容易使用, 所以本讲只讨论 “简单现在时制” 的应用.

编辑者在初中读英语时, 常常碰到想用两个有限动词(finite verbs)的意思放在一句英文句子, 这时很喜欢用无限式来解决违反英文文法的规则, 不能有两个有限动词在一句子里的困扰.   因为无限式不再是动词, 它只是动词的一种形式, 具有名词所有的功能, 并且还可以当形容词和副词用.

无限式作名词使用 :

1.  作主语和宾语用.
    

   例如,    To talk is easier than to act. 

 

                这两个to talk和to act的形式, 都叫做动词的 “无限式”, 它们在这句中当主
     语和宾语用 (注意此处 “to” 不是介词, 是形成无限式的一个符号) .  “无限式” 是
      “不加限制” 的意思,  因为它所被使用来表达的是句中一般的动作的意思(不是动词
      的功能 ‘functions’), 它不 “属于” 任何主语, 换句话说是不能行使句子述语中动词
      的动作功能.  “无限式”和那些被主语所限制的 “有限动词” (finite verbs) 是相对的. 
      例如: He goes,  A dog harks 中的goes, barks 都是有限动词.  如,  “to talk” 与  “to
      act” 是它们相对的, 这样就比较容易了解.

  有些动词后面不可跟随无限式, 这是英语语言的习惯用法.  但跟在下面所示的动

  词后是可以的 : offer, decide, hope, deserve, attempt, promise, agree, plan, aim, afford,
   manage, threaten, refuse, arrange, learn, forget, 和 fail 等.  但必须在这些动词的后面
  加 to 这符号.
      例如,    It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home. (作宾语)
                   His business is to answer question. (作述语的主位)

      其否定只需在前面加 not, 形成 not to ….

2.      作形容词用

例如,   The ability to read well is an asset. 

                  (无限式 “to read 诵读” 是形容名词“能力”.)
                  He has a desire to succeed (无限式 “to succeed  成功” 是形容名词 “愿望”.)

3. 作副词用 :

例如,  We are prepared to do it. (无限式 “to do” 是形容动词短语 “are prepared”.)

                 Is he strong enough to stand alone. (无限式 “to stand” 是修饰形容词
                      “enough”.)
                 I open my book to read. (无限式 “to read” 是形容动词 “open”.)

一些特殊用法 :

      例如,   I expect to return tomorrow.
                  You ought to stay here till eight anyway.
                  They used to play together.
                  Don’t forget to write to me.
                  I want to ask you a question.

在这些动词 : ask, decide, know, remember, forget, explain, learn, understand 和
wonder 之后可用关系代名what, whether, how 和 where 等 + to ... 作疑问句.

    例如,  We asked how to get to the station.
               Have you decided where to go for your holidays?
               I don't know whether to apply for the job or not.
               Do you understand what to do?

习题四十一 :

    试利用下列给予的动词, 并且与 what, how, whether 完成下列各句:
                   do,  go,  ride,  say,  use,  get

1. Do you know how to get Tom's house?       范例

2. Can you show me ＿＿＿ this computer ?
3. Would you know ＿＿＿  if there was a fire in the building?
4. You'll never forget ＿＿＿  a bicycle once you have learned.
5. I was really astonished. I didn't know ＿＿＿ .
6. I've been invited to the party but I don't know ＿＿＿  or not.

习题四十二 :

      试用括号内的动词的正确形式 to ... 或  ~ing. 填入 , 完成下列各句 :

1. When I'm tired, I enjoy watching television. It's relaxing. (watch)  范例

2. It was a nice day, so we decided ＿＿＿ for a walk. (go)
3. It's a nice day. Does anyone fancy ＿＿＿ for a walk? (go)
4. I'm not in a hurry. I don't mind ＿＿＿ . (wait)
5. They don't have much money. They can't afford ＿＿＿ out very often. (go)
6. Our neighbor threatened ＿＿＿ the police if we didn't stop the noise. (call)
7. We were hungry, so I suggested ＿＿＿ dinner early. (have)
8. Hurry up! I don't want to risk ＿＿＿ the train. (miss)
9. I'm still looking for a job but I hope ＿＿＿ something soon. (find)

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