为甚么在英文句子中少不了介词, 因为介词的使用可令文句简洁 . 试比较下面几句就可了解, 用介词时最大的便宜乃是造句可以短些, 所以也就整洁一些.
例如, He died of malaria. [他死于疟疾]
He died because he had malaria.
He was convicted of murder. [他被以杀人罪定谳]
He was convicted as a man who had committed murder.
但是我国学生在使用介词上常会感受到力不从心. 基本上在中文里介词的应用比其它的词类更不明显. 又何况英文的介词在应用上真是千头万绪, 因为它的使用不循法则, 而是随习惯用法. 虽然前两讲已写出一些有关常用介词in, on和at的规则用法. 但是, 进一步你若问到何时要用in, 或是on, 或是at呢？回答仍是无法明确. 因此英语学习者能够精通介词用法的方法是多听, 多读, 多用悟性, 不断的练习及密切注意惯用语. 手边随时准备一本好字典是很重要的. 下面说明一些in, on和at的特殊使用例句.
表示时间介词at, on, in 的省略, 如: 在 next, last, this, these, today, yesterday,
tomorrow, one, every, each, all等词的前面一般不用 at, in, on.
例如, Please, bring it back to me tomorrow.
John saw his father yesterday.
We go to school everyday.
又如, 在某些名词词汇前, 也可以省略 (也可不省)如: (on) that day, (in) the year等
又如, 在某些名词词汇前, 也可以省略 (也可不省)如: (on) that day, (in) the year等
At 的特殊用法: at (the age of), at (50 kilometers an hour), 及at (100 degrees ) 等.
Lisa got married at 21. (或at the age of 21)
A car uses more gas at 70 miles an hour than at 55.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
On的特殊用法
You have to go on foot.
There are some books on the shelf.
The house is on fire. (不可用in )
In 的特殊用法
I am interested in English. (不可用on 或of)
John likes to sit in the sun. (不可用under)
He is in need of help. (他需要帮助.)
你可能已学过将介词置于句末系严重违反文法规则. 这种说法并非是完全. 虽然我们通常可以轻易地不把介词置于句尾, 但将介词置于句末, 实则为英语成语(idioms)之特征; 有时故意避免, 反而使句子显得累赘, 笨拙.
如下面所示的第一句比第二句来得通顺多了. 这是因为在英文里, 介词跟它们前面的动词或形容词结合成含义非常确定的成语, 如looking for, interested in 及according to等.
例如, He is the man you are looking for. (清晰简洁.)
He is the man for whom you are looking. (这句显得累赘.)
不论许多文法学家说的是什么, 要写成一种真正自然而通顺的英文笔调的文章, 非得容许一些介词居于句子或子句的末了不可. 下列的例句可以说明英文的这种趋向了.
例如, What are you doing that for?
What are you looking at?
That will give you something to think about.
You can never tell what this will lead to.
Do you think he is a man you can depend on?
People in famine districts will eat anything they can lay their hands on.
(此处如果用 "Anything on which they can lay their hands" 未免太迂腐了.)
That depends on what they are cut with.
(不要用 "That depends on with what they are cut")
Do you know who you are speaking to?
(如果说 “Do you know to whom you are speaking" 可就失 去了这句问话
的力量了.)
提示: 在上列各句中, 若要避免把介词丢在末尾, 那就须用for whom, with which,
about which 一类的成语, 而这些结构总是笨拙而迂曲的.
结语: 在下列情形下可以将介词置句末:
- 宾语为疑问词时, 可以置于句末.
例如, What are you looking for?
Where is he coming from?
2. 宾语为关系代名词
例如, She is the girl (whom) we are looking for.
This is the town (that) he lives in.
3. 位于作形容词的不定词之后
例如, He has a house to live in.
Don't bring him a chair to sit on.
在英文里, 表示地方的关系常用介词, 副词, 以及形容词来指明. 可是介词和副词的关系非常密切, 它们的区别往往是不容易决定的.
例如, He goes in. (副词)
He is in the house. (介词)
提示: 上两句的差别: 若in 用成副词, 则没有宾语; 而作介词用时就必须加上宾语
“the house”.
介词不能用作意念相同或相似的形容词或副词的, 其数目实在少得很.
例如, 介词 形容词 副词
below him他以下 man below下面的人 100k below
under the water水里 under-dog走狗 go under (sink)沉下
between them 他们中间 a layer between中间一层 came between 居间
选择适当的介词, 以表示句子前后的关系.
1. between 和among : 前者是表示两个人, 或两件事的关系; 而后者是涉及两个以
上的.
例如, This matter must remain between you and me.
The job was divided among Sally, Beth, and Andrew.
2. beside 和besides : 看起来它们很相似, 实则是两个意义完全不同的介词. 前者表
示 ‘靠近’, 或 ‘旁边’; 而后者的意义是 ‘增加一些’, 或 ‘除了’.
例如, Mr. Wang stood beside John. (黄先生站在约翰旁边.)
No one besides Mary is taking that bus.
(除了玛丽以外, 其它的人都不能坐那车.)
作业六十六
试选择恰当的介词:
l. The discussion (between, among) the five members of the committee concerned
nominations for the school election.
2. The work was divided (between, among) the two brothers.
3. The inheritance was divided (between, among) Jennifer, her aunt, her uncle, and her
cousin Frederick.
4. The disagreement (between, among) the workers in the factory was easily resolved.
5. Nothing (beside, besides) baseball seems to interest Mrs. Chen.
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