91形容词与副词 (二)

英语语法进深──博客

91形容词与副词 (二):                                                                                        8/1/2014

有关形容词与副词的分类, 性质和功能的讨论已经在“英文文法”博客28讲至36讲共用九个帖子, 发表于1/8/2012──2/6/2012之间.  是分形容词与副词单獨描述的.  现以修饰语统筹的讲论时, 只加强说明它们习惯性的修饰用法.  当完全了解它们习惯性的运用后, 那么在学习英语过程中, 累积了很多字汇, 也就对其他各种特殊的用法会慢慢的自然而了解.  如, well, fast 和 late, hard, hardly 等在口语中用得非常普遍, 须牢记它们的习惯用法. 

编辑者要慎重其事的告诉年青的国内喜欢学习英语的朋友, 副词的被使用的频繁和重要. 例如, 形容词的判定比较简单, 只要认定在它后面的词汇是名词或代名词, 就可决定它是形容词, 不会错的.  可是要找出副词就不那么容易, 因为副词可在句中的任何位置出现, 所以, 在句子中发现一个修饰语时, 先思索它是否是形容词, 若不是形容词, 那肯定就是副词, 可见副词运用的广泛.

good 是形容词. well 是副词.  这是常被混淆使用的修饰语.

      例如 :

   Your English is good. 但是用well时, 须说 You speak English well.   

(well 修饰动词speak.)

   Ruth is a good pianist. 但是用well时, 须说Ruth plays the piano well.

(well 修饰动词plays.)

      [注] : 与过去分词合用时, 只能用 well, 而不可用 good. 如过去分词 dressed 和

known 等.   可以如此用 well-dressed;  well-known;  well-educated;
               well-paid.

习题八十四

试填入适当的字:  good 或well, 以完成下列各句.

1. I play tennis but I'm not very good.        范例

2. Your exam results were very ＿＿＿＿.

3. You did very ＿＿＿＿ in your exams.

4. The weather was very ＿＿＿＿ while we-were on holiday.

5. 1 didn't sleep very ＿＿＿＿ last night.

6. How are you? Are you ＿＿＿＿?

7. George speaks German very ＿＿＿＿.

8. George's German is very ＿＿＿＿.

9. Our new business is going very ＿＿＿＿ at the moment.

10. I like your jacket. It looks ＿＿＿＿ on you.

11. I've met her a few times but I don't know her very ＿＿＿＿.

fast, hard 和 late 可同时用为形容词与副词, 依照所被形容的词而定.  若是形容名词或

代名词, 则是形容词; 否则为副词.

   例如 :  用为形容词

  Jack is a very fast runner.

  Ann is a hard worker.

  The train was late. 

   例如 :  用为副词

  Jack can run very fast.  (形容动词短语 ‘can run’ , fast 为副词)

  Ann works hard. (不可写作 'works hardly')

  I got up late this morning.  (形容动词短语 ‘got up’, late 为副词)

Hardly 有 very little (极少) 和 almost not at all (几乎没有)的意思. 用时要加以留意.

例如 :   

  Sarah was rather unfriendly to me at the party. She hardly spoke to me.

  (撒拉在宴会中对我非常冷淡, 她几乎没有和我说话,.) 

  Matthew and Linda want to get married but they've only known each other
                for a few days. I don't think they should get married yet. They hardly 
                know each other.  (马太和玲达要结婚, 但他们只交往几天. 我怀疑
        他们是否必须结合. 因他们之间几乎互相并不了解.)

比试较hard 和 hardly 的用法.  它们都是副词, 但是, 所表示的意思却完全不同.  

Hard有肯定的意念; 而hardly 则带有否定的意味.

例如 :

           He tried hard to find a job but he had no luck. 

              (他已经全力以赴的找工作, 但没有找到.  ‘肯定’)

           I'm not surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried to find one.

              (他没有找到工作, 我不惊奇. 因他几乎没有努力的试着去找.  ‘否定’)

     [注] :  因为hardly 带有否定的意味, 可以与 any, anybody,  anyone, anything 和

anywhere 合用.

     例如 :

               甲:  How much money have you got? (你有多少钱?)

               乙:  Hardly any. (几乎没有.)

               I'll have to go shopping. We've got hardly any food.

                  (我必须去买食物, 因为家中几乎没有任何食物. )

   The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed.

      (这考试的结果极坏. 几乎没有任何人通过)

   She ate hardly anything. She wasn't feeling hungry.

      (她几乎没有吃任何食物. 她不感到饥饿)

hardly放在动词的前面或后面的位置都可以.

   She ate hardly anything. 或   She hardly ate anything.

(都是形容动词 ‘ate’)

   We've got hardly any food. 或  We've hardly got any food.

      (都是形容动词短语 ‘have got’)

习题八十五

若有底线的字有错误的句子, 试改正其错误, 否则写 “对的”.

1.  I'm tired because I've been working hard.          “对的”  范例

2.  I tried hard to remember her name but I couldn't.

3. This coat is practically unused. I've hardly worn it.

4. She's a good tennis player. She hits the ball hardly.

5. Don't walk so fast! I can't keep up with you.

6. Why are you walking so slow? Are you tired?

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