Friday, July 19, 2019

217 英语词类基本应用(十一) Who, Whom, and Whose 谁, 给谁, 和谁的

217 英语词类基本应用(十一)     Who, Whom, and Whose      , 给谁, 和谁的           7/19/2019

爱我们的主耶稣基督, 求祢怜悯, 开我的灵眼, 看到自己一无所是, 惟有依靠主祢的大能, 孩子才能战胜魔鬼的引诱, 谦卑的来到祢面前, 求祢赦免我的罪.  更恳求祢赐我智能, 使我仰望祢的再来, 预备我的心, 向人见证祢是如何的拯救我, 陪孩子走人生的道路.  并要一生一世, 只要一息尚存, 永远要见证祢是永生上帝的儿子, 是上帝. 奉主耶稣的圣名祈祷.  阿门.

编辑者希望提醒我国喜好学英文的年轻访友, 造英语的疑问句时, 遇到要代表人称时, 就得用 Who, Whom, Whose.  它们又叫做疑问人称代名词(interrogative personal pronoun).  (Who)是主位人称代名词; (Whom)是宾位人称代名词; 谁的(Whose)是领位人称代名词.

造英语疑问句并不像造中文问句那么简单. 只在句子后面加上” , 再加上问号 “?” 就行.  所以我国学生很容易在造英语的疑问句时出错. 尤其如, “tag questions (反意疑问)” 是少见的, 它具特别的结构, 且有特别的含意.

一般英语疑问句的形式如下:
    
1.     前面讲过的三种动词: be-verb;  have-verb;  do-verb.编辑者特别强调它们如何用在造疑問句上, :
Are you ready?
Have you seen my books?
Do you like music?

2.     用疑问人称代名词造疑问句, 
 Who is not going? (Who 是主位疑问人称代名词).
To whom am I speaking? (Whom 是宾位疑问人称代名词).
Whose books are these?  (Whose 是领位疑问人称代名词).

[] : 还有其它, , what, where, how 等不举例.

不要误认领位疑问人称代名词 Whose “Who is” 的缩写 “Who’s” (Do not confuse the interrogative possessive pronoun whose with the contraction who's).
            例如:
                        Whose books are these?         Who’s  that at the door.


练习一:  试用 who whom 填入空格以完成下列各句:
   (Write who or whom to complete each sentence).

1. _____will help decorate the gym for the costume party?
2.  __________did you call?
3. Do you know _______ is planning to attend?
4. With ______are you going?
5. _______are you going to pretend to be?
6.  From  _____did you get that idea?
7. Do you think the others will know ______you are?
8. ________can pick up the refreshments?
9. From  ______do we get the money to pay for them?
10. _______is going to be the costume judge?


练习二:  试用 whose who's 填入空格, 完成下列各句. 
  (Write whose or who's to complete each sentence).
11. ____going to drive everyone?
12. _____parents have a van?
13.  ____your favorite cartoon character?
14. _____the boy in the Napoleon costume?
15. This mask is mine, ____but mask is that?
16. costume did you borrow?
17._____Bradley supposed to be?
18. _____selecting the best costume?
19. I can't decide _____costume should win.
20. The person ____the winner will get a prize.

Wednesday, July 3, 2019

216 英语词类基本应用(十) Agreement of Pronouns with Antecedents 一致性


216 英语词类基本应用()  Agreement of Pronouns with Antecedents    一致性      7/3/2019

爱我们的天父, 祢赦免我骄傲的罪, 赐我新生命, 使我不再受魔鬼的捆绑.  谢谢祢赐孩子毅力, 能遵照祢的旨意, 永不放弃, 继续博客的写作.  在今生我要永远向人见证耶稣基督是祢的儿子, 祂为赎我的罪钉死在十字架上. 奉主耶稣的圣名祈祷.  阿门.

编辑者一向仰慕林肯总统, 他是虔诚的基督信仰者, 他在美国内战极度危急时, 有人问他, “上帝是站在你一边吗?”  他肯定的说, “不是去问上帝是站在我们这边, 而是要问我们是否站在上帝那边.”

教学相长这句自古由来的座右铭, 编辑者今天才真正体会到它的意义. 多次向访友介绍英语语法的结构基础时, 总要提出动词与主语的一致性”.  却没有注意到其一致性只涉及到三种词类 : 动词, 名词, 及代名词.  而其中以代名词使用得最为频繁及显著.  与其它的词类无关.  并且,  是在造句时常常出错的地方. 为什么会出错?  因为在我国语言句子中没有这样的结构.

动词与主语的一致性比较深入一些, 容后详述.  现在是谈词类基本应用, 所以只谈代名词与先行词(Antecedent)的一致性.

编辑者仍用代名词翻译 ‘pronoun’, 因为它是用来代替名词的词类. 在解释句子一致性的讨论中有个词儿称为先行词, 是代名词所代表前面提到的名词.
   例如 :
              The boys corrected their mistakes. 
             ( ‘boys’ 是代名词 ‘their’ 行词. 它总是出现在要代表它的代名词前面.  故选择该代名词来代替前面的名词‘boys’, 必须特别注意这代名词的人称(personal), (number), (gender)要一致. 句子的意念才会清晰明暸. 在这里行词 ‘boys’ 男性, 第三人称多数; 代名词 ‘their’ 是第三人称多数, 所有性.  句子合乎一致性的条件, 其意思简洁明确.)

练习 : 试写出下列各句的代名词, 然后写出它的行词. (Write each pronoun. Then write its antecedent.)

1. Thurgood Marshall was born in Maryland; his grandfather had been taken to Maryland as a slave.
2. Marshall's parents wanted to give their son a good education.
3. Marshall's mother was a teacher in the school her son attended.
4. Marshall decided that he wanted to be a lawyer.
5. Marshall attended Howard University Law School. It accepted black students when many other schools did not.

练习 : 试从括号中选出正确的代名词填入句子内. (Write the pronoun in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.)
1. Marshall's mother sold ______ engagement ring to help pay for law school
                                                      (his, her)
2.  Marshall was grateful to _______.
                                                       (him, her)
3. Marshall later graduated first in _______ class.
                                                                   (his, their)
4. President Johnson appointed _______to the Supreme Court.
                                                                   (him, them)
5 When people disagree with a court decision, ___appeal to the Supreme Court. 
                                                                                    (they, it)