Friday, July 19, 2019

217 英语词类基本应用(十一) Who, Whom, and Whose 谁, 给谁, 和谁的

217 英语词类基本应用(十一)     Who, Whom, and Whose      谁, 给谁, 和谁的           7/19/2019

爱我们的主耶稣基督, 求祢怜悯, 开我的灵眼, 看到自己一无所是, 惟有依靠主祢的大能, 孩子才能战胜魔鬼的引诱, 谦卑的来到祢面前, 求祢赦免我的罪.  更恳求祢赐我智能, 使我仰望祢的再来, 预备我的心, 向人见证祢是如何的拯救我, 陪孩子走人生的道路.  并要一生一世, 只要一息尚存, 永远要见证祢是永生上帝的儿子, 是上帝. 奉主耶稣的圣名祈祷.  阿门.

编辑者希望提醒我国喜好学英文的年轻访友, 造英语的疑问句时, 遇到要代表人称时, 就得用 Who, Whom, 和 Whose.  它们又叫做疑问人称代名词(interrogative personal pronoun).  谁(Who)是主位人称代名词; 给谁(Whom)是宾位人称代名词; 和谁的(Whose)是领位人称代名词.

造英语疑问句并不像造中文问句那么简单. 只在句子后面加上 “吗” 和 “呢” , 再加上问号 “?” 就行.  所以我国学生很容易在造英语的疑问句时出错. 尤其如, “tag questions (反意疑问句)” 是少见的, 它具特别的结构, 且有特别的含意.

一般英语疑问句的形式如下:
    
1.     前面讲过的三种动词: be-verb;  have-verb;  do-verb.编辑者特别强调它们如何用在造疑問句上, 如:
Are you ready?
Have you seen my books?
Do you like music?

2.     用疑问人称代名词造疑问句,  如
 Who is not going? (Who 是主位疑问人称代名词).
To whom am I speaking? (Whom 是宾位疑问人称代名词).
Whose books are these?  (Whose 是领位疑问人称代名词).

[注] : 还有其它, 如, what, where, how 等不举例.

不要误认领位疑问人称代名词 Whose 为 “Who is” 的缩写 “Who’s” (Do not confuse the interrogative possessive pronoun whose with the contraction who's).
            例如:
                        Whose books are these?         Who’s  that at the door.


练习一:  试用 who 或 whom 填入空格以完成下列各句:
   (Write who or whom to complete each sentence).

1. _____will help decorate the gym for the costume party?
2.  __________did you call?
3. Do you know _______ is planning to attend?
4. With ______are you going?
5. _______are you going to pretend to be?
6.  From  _____did you get that idea?
7. Do you think the others will know ______you are?
8. ________can pick up the refreshments?
9. From  ______do we get the money to pay for them?
10. _______is going to be the costume judge?


练习二:  试用 whose 或 who's 填入空格, 完成下列各句. 
  (Write whose or who's to complete each sentence).
11. ____going to drive everyone?
12. _____parents have a van?
13.  ____your favorite cartoon character?
14. _____the boy in the Napoleon costume?
15. This mask is mine, ____but mask is that?
16. costume did you borrow?
17._____Bradley supposed to be?
18. _____selecting the best costume?
19. I can't decide _____costume should win.
20. The person ____the winner will get a prize.

Wednesday, July 3, 2019

216 英语词类基本应用(十) Agreement of Pronouns with Antecedents 一致性


216 英语词类基本应用(十)  Agreement of Pronouns with Antecedents    一致性      7/3/2019

爱我们的天父, 求祢赦免我骄傲的罪, 赐我新生命, 使我不再受魔鬼的捆绑.  谢谢祢赐孩子毅力, 能遵照祢的旨意, 永不放弃, 继续博客的写作.  在今生我要永远向人见证耶稣基督是祢的儿子, 祂为赎我的罪钉死在十字架上. 奉主耶稣的圣名祈祷.  阿门.

编辑者一向仰慕林肯总统, 他是虔诚的基督信仰者, 他在美国内战极度危急时, 有人问他, “上帝是站在你一边吗?”  他肯定的说, “不是去问上帝是站在我们这边, 而是要问我们是否站在上帝那边.”

“教学相长” 这句自古由来的座右铭, 编辑者今天才真正体会到它的意义. 多次向访友介绍英语语法的结构基础时, 总要提出 “动词与主语的一致性”.  却没有注意到其一致性只涉及到三种词类 : 动词, 名词, 及代名词.  而其中以代名词使用得最为频繁及显著.  与其它的词类无关.  并且,  是在造句时常常出错的地方. 为什么会出错?  因为在我国语言句子中没有这样的结构.

“动词与主语的一致性” 比较深入一些, 容后详述.  现在是谈词类基本应用, 所以只谈代名词与先行词(Antecedent)的一致性.

编辑者仍用代名词翻译 ‘pronoun’, 因为它是用来代替名词的词类. 在解释句子一致性的讨论中有个词儿称为先行词, 是代名词所代表前面提到的名词.
   例如 :
              The boys corrected their mistakes. 
             ( ‘boys’ 是代名词 ‘their’ 的先行词. 它总是出现在要代表它的代名词前面.  故选择该代名词来代替前面的名词‘boys’时, 必须特别注意这代名词的人称(personal), 数(number), 性(gender)要一致. 句子的意念才会清晰明暸. 在这里, 先行词 ‘boys’ 是男性, 第三人称多数; 代名词 ‘their’ 是第三人称多数, 所有性.  句子合乎一致性的条件, 其意思简洁明确.)

练习 : 试写出下列各句的代名词, 然后写出它的先行词. (Write each pronoun. Then write its antecedent.)

1. Thurgood Marshall was born in Maryland; his grandfather had been taken to Maryland as a slave.
2. Marshall's parents wanted to give their son a good education.
3. Marshall's mother was a teacher in the school her son attended.
4. Marshall decided that he wanted to be a lawyer.
5. Marshall attended Howard University Law School. It accepted black students when many other schools did not.

练习 : 试从括号中选出正确的代名词填入句子内. (Write the pronoun in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.)
1. Marshall's mother sold ______ engagement ring to help pay for law school
                                                      (his, her)
2.  Marshall was grateful to _______.
                                                       (him, her)
3. Marshall later graduated first in _______ class.
                                                                   (his, their)
4. President Johnson appointed _______to the Supreme Court.
                                                                   (him, them)
5 When people disagree with a court decision, ___appeal to the Supreme Court. 
                                                                                    (they, it)