58 单纯过去与现在完成(二)

                      英语语法进深──博客

 

58   单纯过去时制与现在完成的比较(二)                                                                                                                                    1/24/2014                                                               

中文助词的‘了’完完全全是表明这种完结方面, 而不仅仅指过去. ‘下雨了’ 是说正在下雨, 已经开始下雨, 而不是下过了雨. ‘快要下雨了’ 就是说现在已经到达马上要下雨的一种情况 (成为可能的未来动作之结果的现在情况). 

现在完了和时间副词 

      为了“现在完成”是指一种动作之结果现在的情况, 所以照英文的习惯用法, 不可和指过去的时间副词同用; 虽然我们知道动作是发生在过去的时间.  例如 “I have come back yesterday” 是不行的.  这动作诚然是发生在过去时间 (这只可用I came back yesterday); 但是我们是说的现在的情况 (应该用I have come back now).  又比较下列两句 :

       He was written a letter now.   (他此刻信写好了.)
       He wrote a letter just now.     (他方才写好一封信‘写好不久’).

      第一句是说明现在的情况,  是属于“方面”的关系; 而 第二句是说明过去的动作, 与时间有密切的连系. 

 现在完成和单纯过去时制的区别

 John: Ted went away on Monday. (过去动作, 时间副词 Monday)
Paul: What's he doing? Have you got any news from him? (现在情况, 动词变成Have …got…方面  
         的关系, 意思是“从他那里得到消息了吗?”有没有做完成? )
John: Yes. He sent me a telegram from New York. (此处显然是过去动作)

其区别之点是:

   (1) 现在完成指现在, 而单纯过去时制指过去.
   (2) 现在完成说明情况, 而单纯过去时制 (除非与动词 “to be”同用) 则说明动作的时间.
   (3) 现在完成经过一段长时期, 而单纯过去时制 (通常) 说明动作发生在过去的瞬霎时候.
 
应用 :

单纯过去时制与 “现在完成” 比较

 用 “现在完成” 其意思常与 “now” 有关联, 如, Ted has lost his key. He can't get into the house.  这里的意思不是讲过去的动作.  是在讲这动作的现在结果与 “now” 有关系. 实际的意思是 Ted  doesn't have his key now.  如,  I've done a lot of work today.  (如与这些时间副词 today,  this week,  since 1985...等连用, 必须用现在完成)

    例如 : It hasn't rained this week.

               Have you seen Ruth this morning? (表示在该早晨)
               Have you seen Ruth recently?
               I don't  know  where Ruth is. I haven't seen her. (等于说 I haven't seen her recently)
               We've been waiting for an hour. ( 表示我们现在仍等她)
               John lives in London.   He has lived there for seven years. (与 for 连用)
               I have never played golf. (表示在我生命的整个时段)

      [注] : 现在完成常常与现在有关连.

 

当你用单纯过去时制的意思是说那件事发生在过去某特定的时间, 不要用现在完成. 特定的时间.  (yesterday, ten minutes ago, in 1985……等等).  

   例如 :

          The weather was nice yesterday. (not 'has been nice')
           They arrived ten minutes ago. (not 'have arrived')
           I ate a lot of sweets when I was a child. (not 'have eaten')
           John: Did you see the news on television last night? (not 'Have you seen')
           Mary: No, I went to bed early. (not 'have gone')

在用 When ...? 或 What time ...? 等关系时间副词用作问句时, 必须用单纯过去时制.

    例如 : When did they arrive? (不用  'have they arrived')
               What time did you finish work?

又如与这些  last week, from 1985 to 1991….等时间副词连用, 应用单纯过去时制来表达.  因动作是在过去某特定在过去时间发生.

   例如 :
                It didn't rain last week.
               Did you see Sarah this morning? (因现在已是 afternoon 或 evening)
               Did you see Sarah on Sunday?  (肯定的Sunday是过去的时间)
               John : Was Sarah at the party on Sunday?
               Mary : I don't think so. I didn't see her.
               We waited (或 were waiting) for an hour. (我们不再等了)

  [注] : 单纯过去时制仅仅表示发生在过去的时间.

习题十一 : 试分析下列各句是错的或是正确的?  试改正错误的句子

1.  I've lost  my key. I can't find it anywhere.              对的                             范例
2.  Have you seen  the news on television last night?   错的,  应改正为:  Did you see….范例
3.  I've bought  a new car. Do you want to see it? ­­­­_____________
4.  I've bought  a new car last week. _____________
5.  Where  have you been   yesterday evening? _____________
6.  Debra  has left  school  in 1991. _____________
7.  I'm looking for Matthew.  Have you seen  him? _____________
8.  I'm very hungry.   I haven't eaten  anything today. _____________
9.  Diane  hasn't been   at work yesterday. _____________
10. When  has this book been  published? _____________

习题十二  :  试用下列各句括号内所附的动词, 来完成它是单纯过去时制或现在完成

1. (it/not/rain/this week)  It hasn't rained this week.                 范例
2. (the weather/be/cold/recently) The weather _____________
3. (it cold/last week) It _____________
4. (I not/read/a newspaper yesterday) I _____________
5. (I not/read/a newspaper today) _____________
6. (Angela/earn/a lot of money/this year) _____________
7. (she not/earn/so much/last year) _____________
8. (you have/a holiday recently?) _____________

习题十三 :  试用下列各句括号内所附的动词的正确词形

1. I don't know where Linda is. Have you seen (you/see) her?                        范例
2. When I _________ (get) home last night, I ___________ (be) very tired and I __________ (go)
     straight to bed.
3. Your car looks very clean _____________ (you/wash) it?
4. Nathon _____________ (not/be) very well last week.
5. Mr. Mark_____________ (work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up.
6. Mendi lives in Salk City. She _____________ (live) there all her life.
7 _______ (you/go) to the theater last night?  Yes, but it _______ (be) a mistake. The film (be) awful.
8. My grandmother _____________ (die) 30 years ago. I _____________ (never/meet) her.
9. I don't know Sarah's husband. I _____________ (never/meet/him).
10. A: Is your mother at home?                                       B: No, I'm afraid she _______ (go) out.
A: When exactly _____________ (she/go) out?               B: About ten minutes ago.
11. A: Where do you live?                                              B: In Boston.
A: How long _____________ (you/live) there?                B: Five years.
A: Where _____________ (you/live) before that?            B: In Chicago.
A: And how long _________ (you/live) in Chicago?        B: Two years.

 

swlei2011岳宗的編輯深受初中三年級的英文老師──鄧岳宗@gmail.com 这是我的电子邮箱, 热忱的希望您们的响应.

 

 

57 單純過去和現在完成(一)

                      英语语法进深──博客

 57   单纯过去时制(simple past)与现在完成(present perfect) (一)                                                              1/20/2014

                                                         

如何分辨 “I did” (单纯过去时制) 与 “I have done” (现在完成) 的不同?  在中文里我们说 “吃了”其意义是 “单纯过去时制”呢? 还是 “现在完成”呢? , 往往有些含混.  但在英语中, 很清楚, 不含糊, 只要加上一些确定动词“方面” (aspect) 的境况的字, 如, I have eaten“吃过了”.  来表达动作已完成“方面”的意念.  否则, 应该是“单纯过去时制”.

单纯过去时制

请仔细研读下文:  

     Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. (莫扎特是奥地利的作曲及音乐家.  生于1756, 死于1791.   自童年五歳他就开始谱曲, 共作曲600首之多.  只活了35歳.)

其中句子全都是过去时制的短句,  简单又明确.  单纯过去时制的最普通的用法在于报告事件.  在传记文学和历史的记载应用中, 只除去对话和作者的意见和附注而外, 都可以用单纯过去时制加以撰写.  制造科学或非科学的报告, 都应该用单纯过去时制.  因此, 写简单明暸的短句子,  就是用动词的单纯过去时制来写.  因为世界上事情有百分之九十九以上是发生在过去.  “单纯过去时制”动词词形的变化是复杂的 (参 “英文文法”17课), 不再重述. 

应用一: 下列例句用以显示 “单纯过去时制”的使用:

Mary : Did you go out last night?

John : Yes, I went to the theater but I didn't enjoy the film much.
 'When did Mr. Tom die?'  'About twenty years ago.'
 They didn't invite Ruth to the party, so she didn't go.
 'Did you have time to write the letter?' 'No, I didn't.'

 应用二:  “存在”动词 “be (am/is/are) “ 的“单纯过去时制”是was/were.

                用“存在”动词造句, 其否定和问句不用 “did”.
          例如:
                Was the weather good when you were on holiday?       (不用 Did the….)
                They weren't able to come because they were so busy.  (不用 … they did so….)
        
习题五:  请仔细研读下列Mary一天的工作秩序:

 I usually get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45. I never have lunch. I finish work at 5 o'clock. I'm always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening. I don't usually go out. I go to bed at about 11 o'clock. I always sleep well.

试以“单纯过去时制”写出Mary 昨日的工作秩序, 请依照上述的一天的工作秩序.  包括她所做或没有做的.
1. She got up at 7 o'clock.  范例                     2. She ____ a big breakfast.
3. She____ .                                                    4. It ____  to get to work.
5. ____  at 8.45.                                              6. ____  lunch.
7. ____  at 5 o'clock.                                       8. ____  tired when ____  home.
9. ____  a meal yesterday evening.                 10. ____  out yesterday evening.
11. ____  at 11 o'clock.                                   12. ____ well last night.

习题六:  请选下列动词的正确词形, 填入列各句子中

      buy;  catch;  cost;   drink;   fall;   hurt;   sell;   spend;   teach;   throw;   win;   write

1. Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.                     范例
2. 'How did you learn to drive?' 'My mother ____me.'
3. We couldn't afford to keep our car, so we ____ it.
4. He was very thirsty. He ____ the water very quickly.
5. Stephen and I played tennis yesterday. He's much better than me, so he ____ easily.
6. Ted ____ down the stairs this morning and ____ his lag.
7. John ____ the ball to Sarah, who ____ it.
8. Debra ____ a lot of money yesterday. She ____ a dress that ____ $100.

习题七:  试用所附于句子后的动词正确词形, 肯定的或否定的词形, 填入下列各句

1. It was warm, so I  took  off my coat. (take)                                       肯定的范例
2. The film wasn't very good.  I  didn't enjoy it very much. (enjoy)         否定的范例
3. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I  ____  her. (disturb)
4. I was very tired, so I  ____  to bed early. (go)
5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I  ____  very well. (sleep)
6. A wasn't hungry, so she  ____  anything. (eat)
7. We went to Lydia's house but she  ____  at home. (be)
8. It was a funny situation but nobody  ____  (laugh)
9. The window was open and a bird  ____  into the room. (fly)
10. The hotel wasn't very expensive. It  ____  very much. (cost)
11. I was in a hurry, so I  ____  time to phone you. (have)
12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They  ____  very heavy. (be)

现在完成

词的难弄懂, 应归咎于“方面”的加入使其变化复杂.  例如,  I am recovering from illness 是“现在进行” ,  I have recovered 是“现在完了”.  但是一面用  I recover 或   I recovered; 一面用I am recovering 或 I have recovered,  只是说在时制上有分别, 就不对了.  因在这两者之间真正的不同点是“各方面” (aspects) 的加入所形成.   如recover (-ed) 是表明‘复原’ 的这种动作的现在或过去时间, 是与时间有关; 而 am recovering 和 have recovered 是指明情况 (situation), 与时间无关.  示于下表:

动词时制	进行方面(动词 + ing)	完成方面( have, 或has + 动词过去分词)
I recover 单纯现在	I am recovering现在进行	I have recovered现在完成(present perfect)
I recovered单纯过去	过去进行	过去完成  (past perfect)

 例如,  I have eaten“我吃过了”和 He has come back“他回来了”, 这一类的表现法是属于 “完结方面” ( conclusive aspect),  也就是说一种动作已经完成了, 不涉及时间.  其主要观念在动作的本身, 是成为那种动作结果的一种情况.  并不像是说  I ate an hour ago“我吃” 或 

He came back yesterday“他回来”, 是指单纯过去时间而说的.

应用三:

Steve is looking for his key. He can't find it. He has lost his key. (司提夫正在寻找他的钥匙.  此处“He has lost his key”是表达 He lost it and he still hasn't got it.  (他掉了, 至今还没有寻觅. 表示‘完结方面’)

现在完成可以与, Just (表 ‘刚刚’ 的意思) 等于 “a short time ago”; Yet (仅仅用在否定和疑问句中, 预期某事件的发生) 等于 'until now', 和 already (表示某事比预期的要早) 等词合用.

          例如 :  
               'Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I've just had lunch.'
              Hello. Have you just arrived?
               'Don't forget to post the letter, will you?' 'I've already posted it.'
              'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He  has already gone.'
               Has it stopped raining yet?

习题八:  试细读下列各句, 并以适合的 just,  already  或 yet填入

1. After lunch you go to see a friend at her house.  She says 'Would you like something to eat?'
    你回答: No, thank you.  I've just had lunch.   (have lunch)   范例
2. Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says 'Can I speak to Joe?'
    你回答: I'm afraid ______ (go out)
3. You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.
    你回答: Wait a minute! ______ (not/finish)
4. You are going to a restaurant this evening. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says 'Shall I phone to reserve a table?'
    你回答: No ______ it. (do)
5. You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her.
    你回答: ______? (find)
6. Ann went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks “Is Ann still at the bank?”
你回答: No, ______ (come back)

since 或for 与“现在完成”的使用关系

应用四:

     当 “ 境况”是自一段时间某时候开始的状态, 而不涉及时间, 可用 "since" 表达. 例如, since some time ago or since something happened, something else has happened, ‘自从某时以后或自从某事发生(一霎时) 以来, 别的事发生了), 如, Since he arrived yesterday, he has not been seen (自从他昨天到了以后, 还没有人看见过他).  这句的意思是他 ‘到了’── 比方说是昨天下午六点钟到的(一霎时), 但自那时一直到此时刻(长时期), “没有人看见过他”, 所以用“现在完成”.

"since" 的应用于“现在完成”的例句:

   Man has sinned since the world began.  自有世界以来, 人就有罪.
   I have not been to Europe since I returned in 1910.
   He has joined the nationalists since his mother died.
   Many things have happened since you went away.
   The patient has made great progress since he entered the hospital.

    当 “ 境况”是在肯定的一段时间, 而不涉及是自什么时候开始的一段时间, 是当用 "for" 的场合. 如,   two hours, six weeks, three days…等等, 作成“现在完成”的状态.

    例如, 
              I've been waiting for two hours.                 
              Stephen has been working here for six months. (不用 since six months)
              I haven't seen Mary for three days.

习题九:  填入since或 for
1. It's been raining  since  lunchtime.          范例
2. Paul  has lived in Dallas _____  20 years.
3. Angela  has lived in Chicago _____ 1985.
4. I'm tired of waiting.  I've been sitting here _____  three  hours.
5. She  haven't  been to a party   _____ a long time.
6. Debra is away. She's been away  _____  Friday.
7. Nathen  has been looking for a job _____   he  finished  school.
8. I wonder  how Lydia  is.  I haven't seen her  _____   age.

习题十 : 细读下列各句的情况并完成之

1. (It's raining now. It's been raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at lunch time.   范例
2. (Ruth and Linda are friends. They met each other years ago.)
    They've known each other for years.                                                                        范例
3. (John is sick. He became sick on Sunday.) He has _____ .
4. (John is sick. He became sick a few days ago.) He has _____ .
5. (Esther is married. She's been married for one year.) She got _____.
6. (You have a camera. You bought it ten years ago.) I've _____ .
7. (Wendi has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went _____ .
8. (He is working in a hotel. You started in August.) I've _____ .
 

swlei2011岳宗的編輯深受初中三年級的英文老師──鄧岳宗@gmail.com 这是我的电子邮箱, 热忱的希望您们的响应.