112 从属单字连词(一)

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 112      从属单字连词(一)                                                                                      12/2/2014

当句子的构想是依靠另一个子句才能完备, 那么从属连词就被用来连接从属子句与具有来完成这句子的构想的独立子句.  所有的从属连词只能连接从属子句与独立子句形成句子.  例如, Although he failed again and again是个子句, 它有主语 “he” 和本动词 “failed”, 但它不能表达一个完整的构想. 译成中文 “虽然他一再失败” ,  没有全备的思想, 不能成为句子; 它必须要用从属连词去连接具有构想的独立子句. 如, Although he failed again and again, he never ceased to try. (虽然他一再失败, 他从未停止一试再试.) 这句子的构想才完善了.

从属单字连词有 as, because, since, although, though, if, unless, than, where,
whence, wherever, whither, lest, that, so, after, as, before, now, that, since,
till, until, when, whenever, after, when, while  等.  在应用上有各种不同的功能. 
需要仔细研读和领悟:

1.  表示原因 (cause) 有 as, because,  since
    例如:

             We believe these things because we see them in the newspaper.
                     (我们想信这些事情, 因为我们在报纸上见到它们.)
             Since it is already late, I must return.    
                    (因为天晚了, 我们必须回去.)
             As it was a national holiday, all the banks were closed.
                    (因为是国定假日, 所有的银行都关门了.)
 
2.  用作显示让步(concession) 的有although, though
     例如:
              Although he is young; he is the best in his class.
                  (虽然他年轻, 却是班中最好的.)
             Although he failed again and again, he never ceased to try.
                 (虽然他一再失败, 他从未停止一试再试.)
              I didn’t get the job though I had all the necessary qualifications.
                 (虽然我具有所有必备的条件, 却还是没有得这工作.)
      [注] : 使用它们在口语时, 多般你会听到在一句话的结尾有 “though”
                这从属单字连词.
        例如:
                The house isn’t very nice.  I like the garden though.
                  (虽然房子不怎么理想, 我却喜欢花园.)
                I see him every day.  I’ve never spoken to him though.
                  (虽然我天天看到他, 却从没有和他谈过话.)

3.  作表达条件 (condition) 的应用, 有 if, unless, providing, provided 等.
    例如:
             If you have done your best, you need not feel bad about your failure.
                 (若你尽力而为, 你就不要因失败而懊恼.)
             I am glad to help you provided (that) you try to help yourself.
                 (若你试着自己帮助自己, 我乐意恊助你. 注: 可不加 “that”)
             Unless we go early, we shall not be able to get a seat. 
                 (除非我们早些走, 否则将不会有坐位.)

4.  作比较 (comparison) 的使用, 有 as, than
   例如:
            He was (as) sly as a fox.
                (他像狐一般地狡滑.)
            You are looking better than I had expected.
               (你面色比我所想象的要好看些. )
           
5.  用于表示地方 (place), 有where, wherever, whence, whither 等
   例如:
           No one knows whence they come.
              (没有人知道他们从何处来的.)
           Keep your things where you can find them.
              (把东西放在你能够寻找的地方.)
           I know not whither they have gone.
              (我不知道他们已到了那儿去.)
           He carries a book wherever he goes.
              (他无论到什么地方总带一本书.)
 
6.  用作表示目的  (purpose ) 有 lest, that 等.
    例如 :
           Please remind me lest ( 等于that not)I forget.
               (请提醒我, 否则我会忘记.) 
          We study that we may some day succeed.
              (我们研究, 有一日我们成功的.)

7. 用作表示结果 (result) 有 so
   例如 :
           I was making little progress, so I decided to quit.
               (我没有什么进步, 所以我决定停止.) 
 
8. 用作肯定时间 (to fix a time) 有, after, as, before, now, that, since, till, until, while,
 when, whenever 等
   例如 :
           Before you go, I want to tell you something.
               (在你去之前, 我要告诉你一些事情.)
           After you have done it a few times, it should be easy.
               (你已经做了它几次之后, 它该是容易做了.)
           Since you were her last many things have happened.
               (自从你上次在这里以来, 有许多事情发生过.)
           Don't stop till you have reached your destination.
               (不要停步, 直到你到达目的地.)
           May I keep this magazine until I finish it!
               (我可以留着这杂志, 直到我读完它么?)
           While you were away someone called to see you. 
               (当你不在家的时候, 有人访问你.)
            I could read when I was six rears old.
               (我六岁时就能读.)
            Whenever you need any help please come to me.
                (无论什么时候你需要帮助, 请来找我.)