英语句子的一致性可说是该语言的特征, 它们出现在很多地方,
非常重要, 不能不在读, 听,
写与说英语各方面都要小心和提高警觉.
例如 :
- 主语与述语动词(subject and verb): 如, We are ready.
- 同位名词 (substantive in apposition): 如, He, a man of science, said so.
- 述语主位和主语 (predicate nominative and subject):
如, They seemed fine fellows.
- 代名词和其先行词 (pronoun and its antecedent):
如, The boys corrected their mistakes.
关于前三项的一致性, 已在12/10/2011 贴出的 “主语与动词的一致性(Subject –
Verb Agreement)” (23) 讲到一些, 现在要把它们的应用仔细的说明. 因为在我国语文中没有关于这方面的语法. 所以, 它们对学习英语语法的国内朋友们特别作难, 必须要在应用方面以悟性及毅力来记牢, 因为它们在英语表达方面太重要.
代名词和其先行词必须在数, 性, 和人称三方面一致. 这一点很重要.
我们使用代名词的目的是要使句子简洁而明暸. 若用它们后反而使句子的意义模糊, 要读者或听的人去猜, 就失去了使用代名词的初衷. 如, She is a beautiful. 这句话令读者模糊不清. “到底谁是那漂亮的她?” 除非作者使用恰当的前行词加以说明.
it 的用法 : it 在英语语法里是中性的第三人称代名词, 被用得很广泛. 对以英语为母语的英美人士早以习以为常在口语中使用.
例如 :
It's dangerous to
walk in the road. (It 等于 ‘to walk in the road’)
英美人士不常说: 'To walk in the
road is dangerous.' 因为主语冗长不雅, 所以习惯用 it 来开始, ‘to walk in the road’ 是 it 的前行词.
常用 it 表示距离, 天气及时间. 下列是常用的口语, 希望背熟.
例如 :
It's a long way from here to the airport.
How far is it to the airport?
What day is it today?
It's a long time since I last saw you.
It's going to be a nice day.
It was windy.
习题六十
试填入适当的 (it is 或 it was); 有些是疑问句, 填入适当的 (is it ...?) 和 否定句, 填入适当的 (isn't 或 wasn't).
1. What's the new restaurant
like? Is it good? 范例
2. I couldn't see anything ＿＿ completely dark.3. ＿＿ trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.
4. How far ＿＿ from
5. ＿＿ three years since I last went to the theatre.
6. '＿＿ time to go?' 'Yes, ＿＿ nearly
7. ＿＿ a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.
8. ＿＿ Mary's birthday yesterday. We had a party.
some (somebody, something) 和 any (anybody, anything) 的用法 :
一般来讲, some 用在肯定语气, 而 any 用在否定和疑问的句子里.
例如 : We bought some flowers.
He's busy. He's got some work to do.
There's somebody at the door.
而 any 多用在否定及在疑问句中.
例如 :We didn't buy any flowers.
He's lazy. He never does any work.
There isn't anybody at the door.
'Have you got any luggage?' 'No, I haven't.'
'Has anybody seen my bag?' 'Yes, it's under the table.'
[注] : 用 something 在疑问句, 常常期望有正面的答复.
例如 :What's wrong? Have you got something in your eye?
(该问句认定被问的人可能有什幺东西在他眼中.)
当我们用 something 在疑问句中时, 常含有给人帮助或向人祈求的意念:
例如 :Would you like something to eat? (我能给你什幺吃的吗?)
Can I have some sugar, please? (能给我一些糖吗?)
习惯上时常在 if 的后面用 any , 希望能牢记这习惯用法.
例如 : If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address?
Let me know if you need anything.
下面是很好的对话口语, 作 something 和 anything 的比较, 希望能牢记如此的对话.
例如 : 甲 : I'm hungry. I want something to eat.乙 : What would you like?
甲 : I don't mind. Anything. ( 等于 something, 任何东西都可以.)
Somebody, someone; anybody, anyone 都是单数, 但在它们后面却常用 they, them,
their 等字以示其包含所有性别的人.例如 :
Someone has forgotten their umbrella. (等于说他的或她的雨伞)
If anybody wants to leave early, they can. (等于说他可以或她可以)
习题六十一
试用 some 或 any 填入下列各句, 以完全之.
1. We didn't buy any
flowers. 范例
3. 'Have you seen ＿＿ good films recently?' 'No, I haven't been to the theater for ages.'
4. I didn't have ＿＿ money, so I had to borrow ＿＿ .
5. Can I have ＿＿ milk in my coffee, please?
6. I was too tired to do ＿＿ work.
7. You can cash these traveler's checks at ＿＿ bank.
8. Can you give me ＿＿ information about places of interest in the town?
9. With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on ＿＿ train you like.
10. If there are ＿＿ words you don't understand, use a dictionary.
习题六十二
试用 some 或 any + -body, -one 和 –thing 填入下列各句, 以完成之.1. I was too surprised to say anything. 范例
2. There's ＿＿ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
3. Does ＿＿ mind if I open the window?
4. I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat ＿＿.
5. You must be hungry. Would you like ＿＿ to eat?
6. Quick, let's go! There's ＿＿ coming and I don't want ＿＿ to see us.
7. This machine is very easy to use ＿＿ can learn to use it in a very short time.
8. There was hardly ＿＿ on the beach. It was almost deserted.
9. I'm going out now. If ＿ phones while I'm out, can you tell them I'll be back at 11.30?
10. Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost ＿＿?
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