Wednesday, March 12, 2014

65疑问句 (questions)


    英语语法进深──博客

65疑问句 (questions)                                                                                3/12/2014
 
回忆能写中文句子时, 要写问句总是在句子后面加上一个 ?” .  不像在英文中却有五种之多的分别.  一般语言学者说, “中文是含蓄的语言, 不愿意显示出自己的内心情绪; 而英文是显性的语言, 就像他们的性格一样, 充分的表现出他们的心中想要达到的意念.”  试看他们往往用疑问句当做强调的断言或否认的一种形式.  
助动词用于否定句在英文文法博客第24 (12/13/2011帖出). 现在仅讲疑问句.它大致可分为五类: (1) 只将主语和动词的次序(subject verb word order)颠倒一下;  (2) 加助动词 ; (3) 用疑问代名词或疑问副词(who?, when....等等);  (4) 用附加疑问句(tag-question);   (5) 只用疑问声调 (questioning tone) 而不换词序, 也不用疑问词. 其中除第五类外, 都用动词在主语前的词序(或称倒置词序”), 这是我国年青学生不太习惯的用法, 需多用口语练习.  编辑者一再强调, 语文来自语言.  对以英文为母语的美国学生来说, 他们因听惯了便顺理成章的写出正确的问句, 而对外国学生却要记一规则.

今举例说明 :

 1.   Knowest thou that I am the King of Persia? 
       在圣经中常用这类倒置词序疑问句. (kownest 是动词 ‘know’, thou 代名词
      ‘you’ , 都是古字.)

 2.  Do you know that the president has resigned? 用助动词 “Do” 倒置词序疑问句.
 
 3.  When did he resign? What president? 用疑问副词 (what, when) ,倒置词序 .

 4.  So he has resigned,  hasn’t he?   “hasn’t he ?” 是附加疑问(tag-question)
      “倒置词的疑问句 .     
     [] : 附加疑问句在下讲要加以讨论.

 5.  He has resigned ? ( 在句尾提高声调 “With rising tone at the end.” 在英美国家用
        得很广泛.)

第一类在古代英文里(例如在圣经里’) 用得非常之多,  在近代英文里则改用第二类,   加助动词can, ...等时, 就是依第一类的方法用 Can you?.....等等. “Will You? ; Won't You?”.   我们发出肯定的疑问, 望得到否定的回答, 以及我们发出否定的疑问, 望得到肯定的回答, 这都很自然的事.  尤以在否定的问句中为然,  这种情形在各国的语言中都有.  如中文的岂不是?” 含有是的的意思,  岂有此理含有决无此理!” 的意思.  不过在实际的习惯用法上, 这种否定问句, 往往因语言的不同而有差别.  英文里的 “Won't you?” 就比中文的 “()~?” 用起来多得多了.  英文里说 “Won't you sit down?” 是请人家坐, 而中文里说一句不坐一会吗 ? ” 却是隐隐地暗示请人家可以走了.  所以, 我们极常听见 “Won't you have some cake?” 等这一类的表现法.  是非常有礼貌的对应会话中常用的句子, 请常练习.

练习三十一 : 
用括号内的问造句子

  1. (Where is the post office?) Could you tell me where the post office is ?     范例
  2. (What's the time?) I wonder ---
  3. (What does this word mean?) I want to know ---
  4. (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don't know ---
  5. (Where does Carol live?) Have you any idea ---
  6. (Where did I park the car?) I can't remember ---
  7. (Is there a bank near here?) Can you tell me ---
  8. (What do you want?) Tell me ---
  9. (Why didn't Kay come to the party?) I don't know ---
  10. (Who is that woman?) I've no idea ---
  11. (How far is it to the airport?) Can you tell me ---

练习三十二 : 
    以下列诸成语造句

1. Why don't you... ?               
2. Couldn't you...?
3. Why did you...?                   
4. Why hasn't she...?    
5. How could you...?               
6. Can't the letter...?
7. Aren't you ever...?               
8. Didn't it...?

附加问疑句 :

该类疑问句在中英文里都有.  ,  You are fifteen years old, aren't you?  在心理学上讲, 英文和中文都具有你十五岁, 是不是?” 相同的看法, 有肯定他是十五岁的意思.  这种问句实在是附在陈述句(肯定的和否定的) 后面的问句.  从心理学一方面讲起来,  这句含有我已经有些相信你十五岁, 但还不敢十分确定的意思.  又如,  He has arrived already, hasn't he? 的涵义也就是我晓得他已经来了, 祇是还没有十分的把握”;   所以, Has he arrived yet? (他还没有来吗? ‘当时是真没有来’)的意义完全不同.  这种附加问句有时当做婉转的命令,  , Take this away, will you? .

附加疑问句有两点必须注意: 

1.  附加疑问句中所用的助动词一定要和前面陈述句中的助动词一致. 
      例,    He has arrived already, isn't it?
   好象如中文的他来了, 是不是?’ 完全相似, 其实是大错特, isn't it?要改为
  hasn't he?, 即如前所述的助动词要一致.

2.  如果前面一句陈述是肯定的, 那幺附加疑问句一定要用否定的, 反之亦然.

练习三十三 : 
        试下列各句后, 造附加疑问句

1. You wouldn't want to be late, ___ ?
2. You don't mind my seeing this letter,  ___ ?
3. You will keep this secret,   ___  ?
4. He can come by himself,  ___ ?
5. She may decide for herself,  ___  ?
6. You were together with him at college, ___  ?
7. He suggested this idea to you,  ___ ?
8. You are not going to publish this, ___ ?

声调疑问句: 

疑问句里还有一种通常表明惊讶的方式,  就是疑问声调, 为了要保存原有肯定或否定句的形式, 而在句末用一种上提高声调,  (末一音节读升调) 表明说者对于这消息觉得有点惊讶. 在英文的问疑句里, 声调通常越到句末越高, Are you there? 一句读起来是, are音读得低, 而是慢慢升高.  不过也有例外. 

   1.  有疑问句, What is it all about?  读起来句末一音节在陈述句中一低下去.

   2.  or not 煞尾的问句则起初保持升调,  一直到最后的or not又低下去. 
        ,   Will you pay me or not?

   3.  陈述句后附有附疑问句时, 陈述句照常读降调, 而附加疑问句本身读升调.

例如  :  1.   What do you want (降调)?
             2.   Do you want anything (升调)?
             3.   You want something (降调), don’t you (升调)?
             4.   Do you want something (升调) or not (降调)?

 

 

 

 

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