Tuesday, December 6, 2011

動詞八

外動詞及內動詞 (Transitive Verbs ‘v.t.’ Intransitive Verbs ‘v.i.’)

外動詞及內動詞的主要區別是外動詞帶有賓語, 而內動詞没有.  方面意念’ (aspect-notion) 來說, 其區別是:  外動詞其主語的動作是射及 (或達到) 別的人身或事物, 而內動詞的動作是內凝於(或止於) 主語本身.  下面列舉一些有趣的成對的內動詞和外動詞.

       例如,         內動詞                                            外動詞
                    I fall down.                               I felled a tree.  砍倒
        I rise from bed.  起身                   I raise my pencil.舉起
        I lie in bed.           躺臥                I lay the book down.  放下
        He was sitting there. 坐在那裡  He set his foot on England.涉足
        He looks round.  張望                  He sees something. 看見
        He listens carefully.                He hears the order.  聽見
        You are talking.                        Can't you say something? 
        Speak !   () 說吧!                    I have nothing to say. 無話可說

:  例中所舉的一對對的動詞很重要, 常是我們會用錯.  就是把內動詞與外動詞
       弄混淆. 請牢記它們, 就可免除很多困擾. 

最要記住的一件事是內動詞不能直接帶賓語, 而外動詞就能夠. 
      例如,   see (v.t.) the water (看見水); enter (v.t.) the garden (進花園)可以用;
                 但是 swim (v.i.) the water (泅水); walk (v. i.) the garden (走花園) 這兩句卻
                  不對的.

再看這例,   The crowd applauded.      People cheered wildly.
      群眾歡呼甚麼? 人們在向誰喝采? 句中動詞applauded cheered没有帶有賓語,故稱為內動詞句.  你若要弄明白動詞是否是內動詞或外動詞, 只要看看句子的動詞有没有帶有賓語, , 向誰歡呼?  喝采甚麼? 若是没有這意思在內, 那它們就是內動詞.  所以在 12/3/11發佈的博客論到的連繫動詞──‘Be’ 動詞就是的的確確的內動詞, 因為它只表明主語的 存在’. 

又如,   The crowd cheered the batter.
            People cheered wildly. 

‘Cheer’ 動詞如很多動詞一樣, 可做內動詞也可作外動詞, 那要看它在句內所演的角色為何.  如上例的第一句是向打球者喝采, 帶有賓語, 便不是內動詞. 第二句没有喝采的對象, 則可斷定它為內動詞.  現將成對的, 常容易弄錯的內外動詞分列如下 記得讀初三時英文老師鄧先生常提醒一定要背熟, 多多練習.

                                          內動詞                                   外動詞
                                     lie – lay – lain                           lay – laid – laid
                                     rise –rose – risen                     raise – raised – raised
                                     sit – sat – sat                           set – set – set            

作業三十一

     試判定下列各句的動詞何者為內動詞, 何者為外動詞?
     1. My sister Carla lost her ring, but I found it.      
     2. I searched the house.                              
     3. I searched thoroughly.                             
     4. I crawled along the rug.                             
     5. I moved very slowly.                                      
     6. It lay near the dresser.

牢記要點:

.  外動詞其主語的動作是射及 (或達到) 別的人身或事物, 帶有賓語.
.  內動詞的動作是內凝於(或止於) 主語本身.  不能帶有賓語,  ‘Be’ 動詞. 

作業三十二 

尋找出下列各句中的動詞, 並確定它是內動詞或是外動詞
1. He talked for forty-five minutes.
2. Later, he answered questions from reporters.
3. Do you understand the proposed education plan?
4. I'm growing more and more confused about it.
5. Can we discuss it in history class today?
6. Ask Mr. Dong, and he may agree.
7. Where are you going now?
8. I will see Mr. Wang on the way. 

作業三十三  造句 : 用下列動詞為外動詞造兩句, 再以它們為內動詞造兩句
      9. call;    10. paint;     11. eat;     12. sing 


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