1311 水利工程學(一) A grateful heart. 感恩的心. 03/01/2026
我們在天上的父: 願人都遵祢的名為聖. 願祢的國降臨; 願祢的旨意行在地上, 如同行在又天上. 我們日用的飲食, 今日賜給我們. 免我們的債, 如同我們免了人的債. 不叫我們遇見試探, 救我們脫離兇惡. 因為國度, 權柄, 榮耀, 全是祢的, 直到永遠. 阿們.
親愛的主內訪客, 編輯者蒙恩活到95歲, 感謝主賜我有顆感恩的心, 求主賜我們新年喜樂, 在主內有平安, 多作主工.
主恩夠孩子使用: 1962蒙台大趙國華教授聘為研究助理, 開始在台大教書的生涯. 教書是我最喜愛的工作. 能教學相長, 斯時又有深深愛護學生的恩師徐世大教授. 1966年, 蒙上帝的賜恩, 撰寫了一篇有關地水水文的文章 "新店溪地水補注" , 經恩師過目, 後送經台大教員升級審核委員會通過, 升為講師, 便專心致力於水文學教學( 註: 1977年蒙台大土木系恩賜携眷來美深造, 1979, 9月年完成North Dakota State University 所給的水資源研究獎學金 No. A-060-NDAK.) 專題為: The Evaluation of Groundwater Recharge Using Thornthwaite's Water Balance At Falkirk, North Dakoda. 得碩士學位).
1970 恩師虞兆中系主任命學生教一班 "水利工程" 以減輕恩師徐世大教授的教學壓力. 斯時缺乏 "水利工程學" 教科書. 故編輯者1971年時, 已經將 "水利工程學" 大綱就寫好, 但沒有包括 "水力學及水文學." 兩章, 因為它們是水利工程的基礎. "水力學" 有恩師盧衍祺教授所著 "流體力學" 及編輯者於1977年9月譯述的 "工程流體力學 Engineering Fluid Mechanic by J. A. Fox 由科技圖書股份有限公司趙國華教授發行" 可供學者參考使用. 故不在編輯者目前發表於網路專供有意要研讀本水利工程參考書內. 而對水文學這方面的知識則請參考徐世大教授等著, "實用水文學".
水利工程是經濟使用水的近代科學, 必須論及一些經濟的假設, 也就是有一些新的意義要加以說明, 例如在下圖出現的一些名詞.
| 水文學上的大氣循環系統 |
Precipitation (霣𩂣) 與 rainfall(降雨) 在水文學上的意義:
自從1938年李約瑟立意「寫作一部有關中國科學,思想與技術的系統、客觀、權威的史書」以來,劍橋大學出版的「中國之科學與文明」至今已發行七大卷十五分冊;而為此執著一生,耕耘半世紀以上的主要撰述者李約瑟博士,則仍以其驚人的毅力繼續撰寫眾所期待的結論。編輯者於1970 年任教台灣大學土木系水利組, 教授水利工程課時, 正感到教課時, 有關中國水利工程資料缺乏, 讀李約瑟所著的「中國之科學與文明」第四分冊---水利篇, 仍覺不夠. 今特以這網路刊出, 供愛好研讀本水利工程者作參考, 並記念恩師乎徐世大教授教導之恩.
都江堰(是作者年輕時, 曾住在此處四年之久的居所), 鄭國渠, 大運河及靈渠則是我國享譽於世界的中國古代水利工程.
1.) 都江堰:
下圖是每年歲修開堰時要拉開的竹製的臨時擋水埧.
編輯耆曾在美國撰寫了 "懷念都江堰" 以補充網路所發表的論文 :
當年我在蒲陽場受訓,每年盼望的日子,就是清明節步行去灌縣參加都江堰開堰盛典。自1943年住進蒲陽場的唐二院,至1949年離開蒲陽場,共連續四年看到這稱譽世界的偉大水利工程。上帝是這樣的愛我們中華民族,在紀元前225年前, 就為我們預備了李冰太守,為旱澇無常的成都平原設計這舉世聞名的 “都江堰”,使成都平原變為旱澇從人的“天府之國”。 國內聞名的余秋雨先生在 “文化苦旅”一書中特別撰寫一篇 “都江堰”,他以歷史的觀點來比較中國古代極著盛名的兩大土木工程 “都江堰” 和 “ 長城”。 他說,“ ‘長城’的社會功用早已廢弛,而 ‘都江堰’ 至今還在爲無數中華民族輸送汩汩清流。
本來成都平原不是旱澇從人的 “天府之國”,而是水旱頻仍,饑饉時見,民不潦生的地方。 少雨則旱,多雨則洪水成災。 因為岷江水源絶大部分是,來自青城山流域,經春天氣溫升高融化的雪水,水量豐富湧猛,若無都江堰的 “魚嘴”(分水堤)the "Fish Mouth" (water diversion dike),,“飛沙堰”(溢洪道) "Overflow Weir" (spillway),、寶瓶口(引水口)Baopingkou (irrigation water intake)三重要工程來控制岷江水流,則水害就不會常常發生,成都平原就成了 "天府之國". Originally, the Chengdu Plain was not a land of abundance, free from drought and floods, but rather a place plagued by frequent droughts and famines, where people struggled to survive. Little rain brought drought, and abundant rain brought devastating floods. Because the Minjiang River's water source is mostly from the Qingcheng Mountain basin, which is formed by melting snow in the spring when temperatures rise, the water volume is abundant and surging. Without the three important engineering projects of Dujiangyan—the "Fish Mouth" (water diversion dike), the "Feisha Weir" (spillway), and the Baopingkou (water intake)—to control the Minjiang River's flow (as shown in the diagram below), floods would frequently occur, resulting in either floods or droughts.
李冰為四川郡守時,以愛民的仁慈心腸,並以 “民以食為天” 為施仁政的觀念,來為民除水害,日以繼夜,冒風霜的與有灌溉有經驗的農民,先對岷江地形和水情做了一次詳細的勘查,上到岷江上游青城山麓,下到成都平原。 勘查的結果,規劃出魚嘴在江心位置,飛沙堰排洪,及在玉壘山脚開鑿寶瓶口(灌溉用水的引水口)。 但在斯時無火藥來爆破的情况下,是以鉄鑿一錘一錘鑿通玉壘山的花崗岩。 後來又發明以火燒石,(利用熱漲冷縮的原理,爆裂岩石 ),大大加快了工程進度,終于在玉壘山腳鑿出寬20公尺,高40公尺,長80公尺的一條引水道口,所以這是用民間血汗鑿出的,工程的樞紐 ─ 引水口,沒有它,水就無法流入那上帝賜予的,那塊不用苦苦挖掘的坡度適合的成都平原的千百條灌溉渠道。因形狀酷似瓶口,故取名 "寶瓶口",把開鑿玉壘山腳,分離的石堆,稱為 “離堆” 也就是我們旅遊的離堆公園下面的 “伏龍觀”。 When Li Bing served as the governor of Sichuan, he was compassionate and benevolent towards the people, adhering to the principle that "food is the first necessity of the people" in his governance. He worked tirelessly day and night, braving wind and frost, alongside experienced farmers specializing in irrigation. First, he conducted a detailed survey of the Minjiang River's topography and water conditions, extending from the foothills of Qingcheng Mountain in the upper reaches of the Minjiang to the Chengdu Plain. The survey resulted in the planning of a fish-mouth section in the middle of the river, the Feisha Weir for flood control, and the excavation of the Baopingkou (a water intake for irrigation) at the foot of Yulei Mountain. However, lacking the explosives of the time, they painstakingly chiseled through the granite of Yulei Mountain, hammer blow by hammer blow. Later, they invented a method of burning the rocks (using the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to crack the rocks), which greatly accelerated the progress of the project. Finally, they carved out an aqueduct at the foot of Yulei Mountain, 20 meters wide, 40 meters high, and 80 meters long. This aqueduct was carved out with the blood and sweat of the people. It was the key to the project—the aqueduct. Without it, water could not flow into the thousands of irrigation canals of the Chengdu Plain, a gift from God with a suitable slope that did not require arduous digging. Because its shape resembles the mouth of a bottle, it was named "Baopingkou" (Bottle Mouth). The pile of stones separated at the foot of Yulei Mountain was called "Lidui" (Separated Pile), which is the "Fulong Temple" below the Lidui Park that we visit.
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| 上帝所賜的天然傾銷坡度 God grant the slope 5‰ |
從工程的觀點來說明為何它是上帝賜給我們中華民族的恩典。該工程的能有效運作二千多年,得力於地利。 從現代水利規劃的角度來看,魚嘴位置的選擇是因岷江彎曲的河道給以充分的有利條件,在古代二千二百年前,要建埧分水,是非常的艱難,都江堰是不用實體埧來分水, 以 “無埧分水” 稱譽世界的偉大水利工程,是出于李冰的慧心及苦心的結晶。其次,是渠首位于岷江的沖積扇的扇脊上,換句話說,是成都平原的頂點,也就是說 “引水口” 位於海拔700多米的高處(成都附近海拔400米左右),居高臨下,向東南傾斜呈扇形擴展,地形坡降平均達 5‰ 的自然傾斜地形,是修建灌溉工程最有利的條件,它可以不要作堤,只挖淺溝,即可引水灌溉,自然形成河道 (示如左圖)。我受訓的空軍幼年學校的校址所在地的蒲陽場,即是一條渠道造成的蒲陽河畔。 因這優良地形,使挖掘的工程量非常有限,而且灌溉與排水可以使用同一渠道,水可重復使用,非常經濟。最終,開挖大小干支灌溉渠道共500多條,總長度逹1156公里,自動灌溉成都平原上300多萬亩良田(註: 現在的情形大大的增加). From an engineering perspective, this is why it is considered a gift from God to the Chinese nation. The project's effective operation for over two thousand years is attributed to its advantageous location. From a modern water conservancy planning perspective, the choice of the Fish Mouth location was due to the favorable conditions provided by the meandering Minjiang River. Two thousand two hundred years ago, building dikes to divert water was extremely difficult. Dujiangyan, however, does not use physical dikes for water diversion, earning it the reputation of "diversion without dikes"—a magnificent water conservancy project renowned worldwide, a testament to Li Bing's wisdom and painstaking efforts. Secondly, the headworks are located on the ridge of the Minjiang River's alluvial fan, in other words, at the apex of the Chengdu Plain. This means the "water intake" is situated at an altitude of over 700 meters (around 400 meters near Chengdu), offering a commanding view. The natural slope, averaging 5‰, provides ideal conditions for irrigation construction. It eliminates the need for dikes; shallow ditches are sufficient to divert water, naturally forming a river channel (as shown in the left diagram). The site of the Air Force Junior School where I received my training, Puyang Field, is located on the banks of the Puyang River, which is formed by a canal. This excellent terrain limited the amount of excavation work required, and irrigation and drainage could use the same canal, allowing water to be reused, making it very economical. Ultimately, more than 500 irrigation canals of various sizes were excavated, with a total length of 1156 kilometers, automatically irrigating more than 3 million mu of fertile land on the Chengdu Plain (Note: the situation has greatly improved since then).

