Wednesday, November 12, 2025

1130                                  Grateful for all creation.                       為萬物感恩.              12/11/2025

愛我們的父上帝, 祢在聖經中的 "帖撒羅尼迦前書 5: 16-18這段話語中啟示祢的信徒: 要常常喜乐,不住地的禱告,凡事谢恩,因为这是上帝在基督耶稣里向你们所定的旨意。"  孩子能活到如今的年歲, 就是遵照祢這旨意.  求祢賜恩讓我在這感恩的季節, 告訴主內的訪友, 見證祢是父上帝的兒子, 降世為人, 為贖我的罪債, 釘死在十字架上, 三天後復活, 升天, 坐在父上帝的右邊, 將來要再降臨世上, 審判世人. 信主耶穌基督的得永生. 不信的要沉淪地獄到永死.   奉主耶穌基督聖名禱告.  阿們. 

因為編輯者相信主耶穌是我的救主, 就有永生的盼望.  我要為下列所發生的事謝恩:

一.  我是現役軍人, 又是飛行員.  在1955年, 國防部頒發命令, 現役軍人可以報考大學, 但必須有國         防部發下的準於報考的命令.  我於報考大學前4小時才接到國防部審核下報考大學的命令. 國         防部頒發命令規定考上的軍人一概規定為留職停薪附員.  必填寫報考大學理工科.  並且畢             業後, 立刻回軍中服務. 上帝帶領我走過來了.  謝謝上帝.

二.   1959年畢業, 立刻回到空軍台中清泉崗機場服務, 清掃跑道.  因為我學的是 "水利工程". 謝              謝上帝.

三.   1961因掃機場跑道風沙太大, 引發惡性過敏症, 呼吸困難.  請調.  被調空軍幼年學校英文教              官.  謝謝上帝.  

四.   台大畢業後, 曾參加 "大專畢業生就分發考試".  斯時省主席周至柔恩人親自去信空軍                 總司令部要人, 立刻辦理軍職外調.  專文調台東縣政府水利科科員.  謝謝上帝.  讓孩子早就在         恩師徐世大教授學習水文學時, 他就在課堂中訓訓告誡. 工程師必須學我們工程師的榜樣 ---            大禹治水三過家門而不入的捨己救人的精神. 

五.  1962年去台大探望師長時, 遇見黃鍔博士(那時他是助教), 他告知趙國華教授須要一位研究助          理, 問我願意不願意去做?  立刻我就不住的禱告.     


 






  

Tuesday, November 11, 2025

1129 中國水利工程 11/11/2025水利工程概論 11/11/2025

1129 中國水利工程                                                                                                               11/11/2025


1128 水利工程概論 要常常喜乐,不住地的禱告,凡事谢恩,因为这是上帝在基督耶稣里向你们所定的旨意。 11/10/2025

1128  水利工程概論  要常常喜乐,不住地的禱告,凡事谢恩,因为这是上帝在基督耶稣里向你们所定的旨意。       11/10/2025  

愛我們的天父上帝, 1976年, 是祢的旨意, 要我們來到美國, 將孩子和家安定好後, 就申請神學院, 蒙三藩市金門神學院恩准予以入學, 然因不合上帝的旨意, 未能入學.  是孩子未遵祢的旨意祈求, 祢知道我不夠資格加入祢的事工.  因孩子犯有驕傲的罪.  謝謝祢的阻止, 使我能以祢賜所學英文語言的才能, 將英文聖經, 逐一的翻成中文, 使14億的中國人能讀祢的聖言, 因此信靠祢.  奉主耶穌基督的名禱告.  阿們.

謝謝台大土木系給我擕眷來美國進修的機會, 自1976年至今已將接近70年. 前15年用在進修美國大學學位, 得經濟學, 統計學和水文學三碩士學位.  金對博士學位的研機會總是缺空.  只有聽上帝的旨意, 請求退休, 免空佔一個教席.  同時在美國發現拉里·W·梅斯教授(Dr. Larry W. Mays)所著  Water Resoucerse Engineering. 2010 2nd. Edition.  如獲至寶.  對其編寫的重點, 深感佩服.  水利工程必須以工具書為主.  以工程的宗旨為骨幹.  編輯者蒙恩師徐世大教授耳提面命, 正要開始撰寫水利工程教科書, 已與教育部大學叢書編輯局取得連繫.  上帝的旨意不允許.  因為主編恩師徐世大教授因病過世.  現在學生雷萬清雖已活至94歲, 謹以

梅斯教授主要研究方向之一是古代水利系統及其與解決我們水資源永續性問題的關係,他運用傳統知識的概念,不僅著眼於當下,更著眼於未來。他的最新著作是《古代水利技術》,由荷蘭施普林格科學與商業媒體出版。

什麼是水資源可持續性?

傳統上,永續性探討經濟、環境和社會公平之間的關係,它運用「三腳凳」的比喻,不僅涵蓋技術問題,也包括經濟和社會問題。

「永續發展」一詞於1987年由世界環境與發展委員會所提出。其意義為「既能滿足當代人的需求,又不損害後代人滿足自身需求的能力的發展」。一些與永續系統和永續設計相關的問題包括:

. 永續系統的特徵是什?                                                                                                                              . 設計過程如何促進永續性?                                                                                                                什麼是永續水資源開發?                                                                                                                    .  永續發展的組成部分是什麼?

2.1.1 水資源可持續性的定義

         我們生活在一個世界上,大約有11億人缺乏安全飲用水,約有26億人缺乏足夠的衛生設施,每年有200萬至500萬人死於與水有關的疾病(Gleick,2004)。聯合國兒童基金會(UNICEF)的報告2005年世界兒童狀況:童年受到威脅》                                                                          結論,發展中國家超過一半的兒童正遭受嚴重的……孩子們被剝奪了各種對童年至關重要的必需品。                                                                                                                                                            例如,5億兒童無法獲得衛生設施,4億兒童無法獲得安全飲用水。

人們不禁要問,在這種情況如何持續?永續性的關鍵在於關注子孫後代的生存。同樣重要的是,我們必須在全球背景下思考和解決問題。未來水資源思考必須在水資源永續性的脈絡下進行。未來水資源管理的總體目標必須是水資源永續性原則下設計:

Mays(2007)對水資源永續性的定義如下:「水資源永續性是指在從地方到全球範圍內,以充足的水量和合乎飲用的水質利用水的特性,以滿足人類和生態系統當前及未來維持生命的需求,並保護人類免受影響維持生命的自然災害和人為災害造成的損害。 」1314 第二章 水資源永續性布倫特蘭委員會的報告《我們共同的未來》(世界環境與發展委員會,WCED)將永續性定義為關注當代和後代的需求。如果一項發展“既滿足了當代人的需求,又不損害後代人滿足其自身需求的能力”,那麼這項發展就是可持續的。

         由於水對我們生活的各個層面都會產生影響,因此在考慮水資源永續性時必須考慮以下許多方面:水資源永續性包括在氣候變遷、長期乾旱、人口成長等時期,以及為子孫後代留下所需水源的情況下,確保淡水供應的可用性。 水資源永續性包括擁有必要的基礎設施,以提供人類消費和糧食安全所需的水源,並防範洪水和其他自然災害等水資源過剩問題。

水資源永續性包括擁有清潔水源的基礎設施,以及在人類使用後對水進行處理,然後再排放回水體。水資源永續性必須建立完善的機構,以管理供水和水資源過剩問題水資源永續性必須在地方、區域、國家和國際層面加以考慮。為實現水資源永續性,必須實施綜合水資源管理(IWRM)原則。Gleick等人(1995)將永續用水定義為「對水資源的合理利用」。維持人類社會在無限的未來生存和繁榮發展的能力,同時又不破壞水文循環的完整性或依賴水文循環的生態系。七項可持續性要求詳見第 11.1 節。

2.1.2 都柏林原則

以下四條簡潔而有力的原則於 1992 年在都柏林提出,並成為《裡約 21 世紀議程》與千禧年願景行動的基礎:

1. 淡水是一種有限且脆弱的資源,對維持生命、發展環境至關重要,即作為一種資源,需要整體管理。

2. 水資源開發與管理應基於參與式方法,各級使用者、規劃者和政策制定者參與其中,即與人民一起管理水資源——並貼近人民。

3. 婦女在水資源的供應、管理和保護中發揮核心作用,即讓婦女全程參與!

4. 水在其所有用途上都具有經濟價值,應視為一種經濟商品,即擁有保障基本人類需求,分配水資源

水利工程是要讓大家能夠公平地享用大自然的資源 --- 水,並且人與大自然的水共存。我們建造水庫蓄水,讓大家都有水喝;我們建造水力發電廠,使大家都有比較便宜的電可以用,不要去砍伐樹, 破壞水土保持工程, 造成當暴雨來臨時, 沖蝕土壤, 使水庫汙積.  我們沿海地區容易淹水,就去做海堤、去做排水,這些都是正確的作法。既然我們生活在沖積平原上,本來就會淹水的,但我們的作法是使得大部分的地方不會淹水。











Sunday, November 9, 2025

1127 水利工程學 主阿, 照祢的旨意 --- 耶和華豈有難成的事(創[世記 18:4). 09/11/2025

1127 水利工程學       主阿, 照祢的旨意 --- 耶和華豈有難成的事(創[世記  18:4).        09/11/2025

前言;

謝謝台大土木系給我擕眷來美國進修的機會, 自1976年至今已接近50年. 前15年用在進修美國大學學位, 得經濟學, 統計學和水文學三項碩士學位, 沒有得到博士學位, 此時國內教水文學的教授, 具有博士學位, 大有人在.  因此聽上帝的旨意, 請求退休.  適時在美國看看他們如何興修水利工程.  後來在網路上找到 Dr. Larry W. Mays 著  Water Resources Engineering, 2010 2nd edition. 一書.   反覆仔細研讀, 真是一本好書, 內容充滿仁慈心腸所撰寫的有關水的各方面經濟使用的得失. 感動編輯者內心. 因此激動我要為國家貢獻出10年教水文學的心得及一生默想中國古代與水爭奮鬥.

第一章 引言                                                                                                                                                                      第二章 水的永續性                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         第三章 水力學( 一 ) 河川水力學                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       第四章 水力學( 二   ):壓力及無壓力管流                                                                                                                                                                                                                 第五章 水文學( 一 )   基本水文學                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              第六章 水文學( 二 ) 地表逕流。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  第七章 水庫和河川徑流演算。                                                                                                                                                                                                                第八章 水文設計的機率討論。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          第九章 洪災減免工程。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         第十一章水力發電工程。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   第十二章水運工程。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              第十四章長江三峽蓄水庫多目標工程

水利工程是包括在土木工程內的水學科,主要是研究水的對人生活的重要, 沒有它, 人在數十天之內就可因缺水喪命; 若有太多發生洪災, 對人類就有猛烈殺傷力的學問。編輯者生下半歲就親身經歷過洪災的危害, 誠然也享受到水的甜美.  故趁還能記憶, 能思索之時, 摘述 "水" 主要對人類有利的四種工程作簡明的譯述, 供對水利工程有負擔者作參考之用: 

        一.   洪災減免措施(大禹治水工程介紹);                                                                                                    二,   水力發電工程(揚蓄水力發電介紹);                                                                                                    三.   灌溉工程(都江堰灌溉工程介紹);                                                                                                        四.   水力運輸工程(大運河, 及靈渠 "船閘" 等工程介紹).

序言:

讲到大禹,就联想到治河.  我们知道各民族都有洪水的传说 —— 有人就据此以为现代民族出于一源之证。但对于洪水的起源和终了,各处传说并不完全一样。希伯来民族的传说,是上帝要消灭一切恶人而只留挪亚一家。中华民族的洪水起源,传说似乎只是水灾,而洪水的终了,是大禹王的治导的成功,中间还经过禹的父亲鲧治水的失败。《孟子》上说禹治水的故事:

当尧之时,天下犹未平,洪水横流,泛滥于天下。……尧独忧之,举舜而敷治焉。舜使……禹疏九河,瀹济漯,而注诸海;决汝汉,排淮泗,而注之江,然后中国可得而食也。又《尧典》:

帝曰,咨,四岳,汤汤洪水方割,荡荡怀山襄陵,浩浩滔天,下民其咨,有能俾乂。佥曰,于鲧哉!帝曰,吁,咈哉,方命圮族。岳曰,异哉,诚可乃已。帝曰,往,钦哉。九载,绩用弗成。

大家不要忽略了这一点点的分别,因为这里表现了中华民族的精神。我们的先民是特殊有工程师头脑的,不但我们在防洪治河方面,有比任何民族为早的史记,在其他方面,我们的經濟利用水,不但不后于人,而多半在人之先。举例言之:

(1)   灌溉。巴比伦和埃及都先有。我们的史记在战国初期,史起的引漳,而我们在秦时所遗留的都江堰,至今存在,前者约在耶稣纪元前4世纪,后者在前3世纪。

(2)   运渠。是我们最早,开始于吴王夫差的开邗沟,在前五世纪。秦时所开的灵渠,沟通湘漓两水,在前3世纪。隋时(7世纪初年)开大运河,尤是古时工程的奇绩。

(3)   凿深井。在新式凿井机械未发明前,我们在秦时(前3世纪)已开始在四川凿盐井,其后到晋朝(3世纪)更有火井,有深至二三千尺的。

(4)   水力利用。相传是诸葛武侯创造水轮,用以灌田。在晋初石崇在洛阳有水碓三十区,因此致巨富,这都是在3世纪,至今讲水轮发展历史者,不能不引到中国的水碓。

(5)   厢闸。运河中横筑两闸用以调节水位,俾通航船,中国在宋初就有(十世纪),而欧洲到在十一世纪才见用于荷兰。

(6)   造船。据《马可·波罗游记》,在那时到印度的航海船舶,以中国的为最大、最安全。

(7)   桥梁。我们的绳桥,悬臂桥都发明得很早。

(8)   化学工业。如造纸,瓷器都是我们的发明。

因为中华民族是具备工程师头脑的民族,正德,利用,厚生,是工程师立己达人的目标,而大禹却是达到这目标的典型人物,工程师以大禹生日为工程师节,其用意是绝對正的。因他的人格正是工程师人格的反映:(1)工程师应该利用物质和控制物质来养民,来厚生,水,火,金,木,土,谷,乃是六种主要物质的分类,现在所利用的,大部分还脱不了这范围。(2)工程师应该公而忘私,為国而忘家。工程师艰苦地工作着,治河,修桥,造铁路公路,发明机器,管理工厂,制造各种物质,无非为人群谋福利,而自己的享受完全后靠,甚至可以过家门而不入。(3)工程师一定得负责,而其负责的精神,也远胜于其他工作者,因为工程师的失败是极显而易见的,正如鲧的失败是显见的,所以大禹说出(d)条的话来,凡事的成功在办事人层层地艰难的自觉而不肯疏忽。(4)工程师是最应该虚怀的,工程是智识和智慧的产物不是玄想:也不是固执所能成功的。所以各国工程师的论文,都附有评论,备采纳各方面的意见或实例来求进步,这与其他文字发表大不相同。禹闻善言则拜正是工程师应取的态度。(5)工程师是创造者,没有一位创造者是自矜自伐的,以个人的见解而论,我常常体验到成功的悲哀,因为一切工程计划,都不是顶完美的,一桩工程在办理成功以后,才发现许多缺点,这时候正应自怨自艾,哪还有矜伐的心情呢?自怨自艾的境界,正是不断进步的原因,矜与伐是自满,工程师而自满,真所谓其余不足观也矣” ,大禹的不矜不伐,也是工程师人格的代表。话得说回来,我们有完全无缺的大禹做工程师的祖师,我们又是一个具备工程师头脑的民族,何以我们在现代的工程建设上落后到如此呢?我们维原缘故:第一,人家的工程师,多是第一流的人才,我们在以前,第一流人才都集中在做官。第二,人家有科学,而我们没有,我们的圣贤都只在哲学玄学上兜圈子,没有树立起真正的科学。

以治水为例,我们虽然有二千年治黃河的历史,但竟未有像样的公式,根据实在尺度来计划的。我们读到:

禹之行水也。行所无事也——《孟子》。

水由地中行——同上。我们只能感觉到,而不能计算出来,甚至如建都江堰的李冰六字真言所谓深淘滩,低筑堰,我们假若问滩应该淘得多深,堰应该筑得多低,便没有人能够回答了。我们知道罗马人建筑罗马输水道,已经知道水道大小,流水量,和水道坡降有关系。到了文艺复兴时代,达文西(Davinci)更知道了流速,和落差有关系。然而我们治河的原则如束水攻沙,如借清刷浑,到实用起来,都是可意会而不可言传,是艺术成分多于技术成分,工程的建设,安得不停滞不进呢!

又如现今治水者,一定得先懂水力学、水文学、气象学、地质学、结构学等方可计划,而实地工作还得许多专家来帮助设计、施工,才能达到目的,我们以前治水的,多半凭历史记载,纸上空谈,和个人的偏见来判断,例如禹河,古来有多少人在憧憬它的恢复,殊不知从禹到河始徙(周定王五年)一千六百多年(根据《词源》世界大事年表),因为黄河挟沙的特多,泛滥迁徙的频速,地形的变迁是如何的剧烈,怎能够顺利恢复?还有很多人以为禹疏九河 同为逆河,入于海是应该遵守的法则,殊不知:(1)逆河即是潮水河,在当时地势低下,潮水上顶,或者可能到二百公里,现在海河的潮水就顶不到杨村或杨柳青,黄河在海口分歧的情形,和禹河一样,但因黄河坡度的峻陡,逆河更是短促,那么歧为逆河有何用处?(2)在常时,我们知道有许多沼泽容纳泛滥之水,例如大陆泽,这种沼泽,自然调节了洪水,同时也容纳了泥沙,所以出去的水比较多而清,可以维持九河历久而不敝,今日黄河的沼泽都已填满,如何可以梦想那时候的河道?

禹的治水用疏而成功,这是因为沼泽的功用,鲧陻洪水”——而失败,乃是工程技术不够。按陻,塞也,有人以为即是堤防,误。大概鲧想拦河筑坝,不让洪水来的太快,因为工程浩大,所以筑了九年之久,但因那时没有筑大坝的技术,而想遏止就下之水性,所以《洪范》说他 汩陈其五行,现在工程技术是昌明时代,黄河下游又无沼泽,我们正应该用鲧方法,把黄河的水陻于山中,一面让泥沙得以沉淀,一面利用水头来开发水力电(据前各方估计仅河曲到孟津可得八九百万马力),一面存贮洪水以免泛滥成灾。而在发电以后,或用电力引水以灌高地,或下输以通航运,这正是禹所未了之功绩,要待现在的工程师来完成的。

引自民国35年(1946年)《水利》第三期第十四卷

作者简介 :  徐世大(1895-1974)字行健,绍兴人。台灣大學土木系教授, 19379—19383月任浙江省钱塘江海塘工程局局长.

水利工程是要提醒國人知道, 與大自然在用水方面要共存, 並且讓用水的國人能夠體會公平地享用大自然的資源的必要 --- 造成經濟用水(您們若讀過徐世大, 朱紹鎔, 雷萬清共撰寫的 "實用水文學".  請再讀朱教授所撰寫的第一章, 他對水經濟學描述的真實 'reality'.)。我們建埧造水庫蓄水,是讓大家都有水喝;我們建造價廉清潔水力資源的發電廠,使大家有比較便宜的做飯的熱力資源,不要再爬山去砍伐樹來作燃料烹飪, 就不至於破壞水土保持, 造成當暴雨來臨時, 沖蝕土壤, 使水庫汙積.  我們沿海地區容易淹水,就去做海堤、去做排水,這些都是正確的作法。既然我們生活在沖積平原上,本來就會淹水的,但我們的作法是使得大部分的地方不會淹水, 有活命的機會。

        下面一張是經濟學碩士証明文件.  得來非常艱辛, 要從大學部讀起, 又是在英語國家中學習他們的語言.  但它在學習 "水經濟學 'Wasserwirtshaft' 難怪在德文中有單一的一個詞來表達其重要性" 上却有很大的幫助.  














Monday, October 27, 2025

142 英翻中(路加福音勇往直前第九課 ) IN THE UPPER ROOM 在角樓上 27/10/2025

142 英翻中(路加福音勇往直前第九課 )          IN THE UPPER ROOM      角樓上        27/10/2025

  
Daily Light.                  Morning and Evening                                     by   Thomas   Nelson
 每日之光。                 清晨與黃昏靈修                                             湯瑪斯‧納爾遜  著作

October  27  Morning                                                                                                                                 10月27日 清晨靈修                                            

                                   He himself took our infirmities and bore our sicknesses.                                                                                      祂代替我們的軟弱,擔當我們的疾病。 

     Then the priest shall command  to take for him who is to be cleansed two  living and clean birds, cedar wood, scarlet, and hyssop.  And the priest shall command that one of the birds be killed in an earthen vessel over running water.  As for the living bird, he shall take it, the cedar wood and the scarlet and the hyssop, and dip them and  the  living bird in the blood of the bird that was killed over the running water.  And he shall sprinkle it seven times on him who is to be cleansed from  the leprosy, and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let the living bird loose in the open field.                                                                                                                                                     祭司要吩咐人為那求潔淨的人取兩隻潔淨的活鳥,並香柏木、朱紅色線和牛膝草。祭司要吩咐人把一隻活鳥宰在盛滿活水的瓦器裡。至於活鳥,祭司要取香柏木、朱紅色線和牛膝草,連同活鳥一起蘸在宰於活水上的鳥血裡,灑在患大麻風求潔淨的人身上七次,就定他為潔淨,又把活鳥放在田野裡。                                                                                                                                      Behold, a man who was full of leprosy saw Jesus; and he fell on his face and implored Him, saying, “Lord, if You are willing.  You can make me clean.”  And Jesus, moved with     compassion, stretched out His hand and touched him, and said to him, “I am willing; be cleansed.” As soon as He had spoked, immediately the leprosy left him, and he was cleansed.                  有一個長滿大麻風的人看見耶穌,就俯伏在地,求他說:“主若肯,必能叫我潔淨了。”耶穌動了慈心,就伸手摸他,說:「我肯,你潔淨了吧!」他一說完,痲瘋病立刻離開了他,他就潔淨了。                                                                                                                                                                             Matt.  8:17;  Lev. 14:4-7; Luke 5:12; Mark 1:41-42                                                                                馬太福音 8:17;利 14:4-7;路 5:12;可 1:41-4

Evening 

晚上靈修                                     He whom you bless is blessed.                                                                                                                          你們祝福的人有福了。

          Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.  Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.  Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.   Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they shall be filled.  Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.  Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.  Blessed are the peacemaker, for they shall be called sons od God.  Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness’sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.  Blessed are those who hear the word of God and keep it!                                                                                                                       虛心的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。哀慟的人有福了,因為他們必得安慰。溫柔的人有福了,因為他們必承受地土。飢渴慕義的人有福了,因為他們必得飽足。憐卹人的人有福了,因為他們必蒙憐卹。清心的人有福了,因為他們必得見神。使人和睦的人有福了,因為他們必稱為神的兒子。為義受逼迫的人有福了,因為天國是他們的。聽神之道而遵守的人有福了!                                                                                                                                                                         Blessed are those who do His commandments, that they may have the right to the tree of life, and may enter through the gates into the city.                                                                                             凡遵守祂誡命的人有福了,可得權柄能到生命樹那裡,也能從門進城。

                             Num. 22:6;  Matt. 5:3-12; Luke 11:28; Rev. 22:14                                                                                   
民 22:6;太 5:3-12;路 11:28;啟 22:14

                               

CHAPTER Nine                                          Luke 22:1–38                   IN THE UPPER ROOM
勇往直前九課                                         路加福音221-38          角樓上
 
Jesus had “steadfastly set his face to go to Jerusalem” (Luke 9:51), knowing full well what would happen to Him there, and now those events were about to occur. They were appointments, not accidents, for they had been determined by the Father and written centuries ago in the Old Testament Scriptures (Luke 24:26–27). We cannot but admire our Savior and love Him more as we see Him courageously enter into this time of suffering and eventual death. We must remember that He did it for us.
耶稣“坚定不移地去耶路撒冷”(路加福音9:51),完全清楚在那里会发生什么事,这些事件现在即将发生。他们是约会,而不是意外,因为他们是由父决定的,并且在几个世纪前在旧约圣经中写成(路加福音2426-27)。当我们看到耶穌勇敢地进入这痛苦和最终死亡的时間,不得不钦佩我们的救主并更爱祂。但必须记住,祂是为我们做的。
 
The Passover supper in the Upper Room gives us the focus for our present study.
角樓上的逾越节晚餐我们目前研究的重点。
 
1.  Before the Supper: Preparation (22:1–13)
1.  逾越节晚餐前:准备(221-13
 
Passover, Pentecost, and Tabernacles were the three most important feasts on the Jewish calendar (Lev. 23), and all the Jewish men were expected to go to Jerusalem each year to celebrate (Deut. 16:16). The Feast of Passover commemorated the deliverance of Israel from Egypt, and it was a time for both remembering and rejoicing (Ex. 11—12). Thousands of excited pilgrims crowded in and around Jerusalem during that week, causing the Romans to always be nervous about possible uprisings. Passover had strong political overtones, and it was the ideal time for some would-be messiah to attempt to overthrow Rome. This explains why King Herod and Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, were in Jerusalem instead of being at Tiberius and Caesarea respectively. They wanted to help keep the peace.
逾越节,五旬节和住棚节是犹太历法上最重要的三个节日(利未记23章),所有的犹太人都应该每年去耶路撒冷庆祝(申命记16:16)。逾越节盛宴是纪念以色列出从埃及得救,是值得记忆和喜乐的时刻(出埃及记11-12)。在那个星期,成千上万的兴奋朝圣者拥挤在耶路撒冷及其周,总是导致罗马人对可能的起义感到紧张。逾越节有强烈的政治色彩,这是弥赛亚可能來到的理想时间,企图推翻罗马。这就解释了为什么希律王和罗马总督彼拉多都在耶路撒冷,  而不是在提比略和該撒利亚。他们試圖维持和平。
 
The religious leaders prepared for a crime (vv. 1–6). It is incredible that these men perpetrated history’s greatest crime during Israel’s holiest festival. During Passover, the Jews were expected to remove all leaven (yeast) from their houses (Ex. 12:15) as a reminder that their ancestors left Egypt in haste and had to eat unleavened bread. Jesus had warned His disciples about the “leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy” (Luke 12:1; also see Matt. 16:6; 1 Cor. 5:1–8), and now we see this hypocrisy at work.
宗教领袖准备犯罪(1-6节)。令人难以置信,这些人在以色列最神圣的节日期间企圖犯下历史上最严重的罪行。在逾越节期间,犹太人应该从他们的房屋中除去所有(酵母)(出埃及记12:15),提醒他们紀念祖先匆匆离开埃及,不得不吃无酵饼。耶稣已经警告的门徒“法利赛人的酵,是虚伪的”(路加福音121;也见马太福音166;51-8),现在我们看到这种虚伪在起作用。
 
The religious leaders had cleansed their homes but not their hearts (see Matt. 23:25–28). For a long time now, they had wanted to arrest Jesus and get Him out of the way, but they had not been able to work out a safe plan that would protect them from the people. Judas solved their problem for them. He guaranteed to deliver Jesus to them privately so there would be no uproar from the people. The last thing the Jewish Sanhedrin wanted was a messianic uprising at Passover season (see Luke 19:11).
宗教领袖们已经洁净了他们的家园,  没有潔淨他们的心灵(见马太福音2325-28)。很长一段时间以来,他们一直想要逮捕耶稣,  并让离开,但是他们无法找到安全的策略来保护他们自己免受人民的伤害。犹大为他们解决了问题。他保证私下将耶稣交给他们,这样人们就不会起哄。犹太公会想要的最后一件事,  是在逾越节季节的弥赛亚式的起义(见路加福音19:11)。
 
Judas was motivated and energized by Satan (John 13:2, 27), for he never was a true believer in Jesus Christ. His sins had never been cleansed by the Lord (John 13:10–11), and he had never believed and received eternal life (John 6:64–71). Yet none of the other apostles had the least suspicion that Judas was a traitor. We have every reason to believe that Judas had been given the same authority as the other men and that he had preached the same message and performed the same miracles. It shows how close a person can come to God’s kingdom and still be lost (Matt. 7:21–29).
犹大受撒但的誘惑和激励(约翰福音132,27),因为他从未真正相信耶稣基督。他的罪从来没有被主清洗过(约翰福音1310-11),他从未相信耶穌, 也未得永生(约翰福音664-71)。然而,其他使徒都没有怀疑犹大是叛徒。我们完全有理由相信,犹大与其他人一样享有同样的权,并且他传播了同样的信息并且行了同样的神迹。它表明一个人与上帝的国度這麼接近,  但仍然會喪失(马太福音721-29)。
 
Why did Judas betray the Lord Jesus? We know that he was a thief (John 12:4–6) and that money played a part in his terrible deed. But thirty pieces of silver was not a large payment for such a great crime, and there had to be something more involved. It is possible that Judas saw in Jesus the salvation of the Jewish nation and, therefore, he followed Him because he hoped to hold an office in the kingdom. Keep in mind that the Twelve often argued over who was the greatest in the kingdom, and Judas, the treasurer, surely participated in those important discussions.    
为什么犹大會背叛主耶稣?我们知道他是小偷(约翰福音124-6),这笔钱在他可怕的行为中发挥了作用。三十块白银不是這麼大的罪行的代價必须有更多的参与。犹大有可能在耶稣身上看到了犹太民族的救赎,因此他跟随了,因为他希望在王国中任职。请记住,十二門徒经常争论谁是国中最大的人,财务犹太,肯定参与了那些重要的爭大的讨论。
 
When Judas understood that Jesus would not establish the kingdom but rather would surrender to the authorities, he turned against Him in bitter retaliation. The “leaven” in his life grew quietly and secretly until it produced “malice and wickedness” (1 Cor. 5:6–8). When you cooperate with Satan, you pay dearly, and Judas ended up destroying himself (Matt. 27:3–5).  Satan is a liar and a murderer (John 8:44), and he reproduced himself perfectly in Judas.
当犹大明白耶稣不会建立王国而宁愿向当局降服时,他用痛苦的报复來反对祂。他生命中的“酵母”悄悄地秘密地生长,直到它产生“恶毒和邪恶”(哥林多前书56-8)。当你与撒但合作时,你付的代價太了,而犹大最终毁灭了自己(马太福音273-5)。撒但是骗子和凶手(约翰福音8:44),犹大身上複製完美地像牠。
 
Jesus prepared for the Passover (vv. 7–13). The way our Lord arranged for the Passover feast indicates that He knew there were plots afoot. Until the disciples arrived at the Upper Room, only Jesus and Peter and John had known where the feast would be held. Had Judas known, he might have been tempted to inform the authorities.
耶稣为逾越节做准备(第7-13节)。我们的主安排逾越节的方式表明祂已知道有阴谋正在进行。在门徒到达角樓之前,只有耶稣,彼得和约翰知道宴会的举办地点。如果犹大知道,他可能会被诱惑而去通知当局。
 
Peter and John would have no trouble locating the man with the water pitcher, because men rarely carried pitchers of water. This was the task of the women. Like the men who owned the ass and colt (Luke 19:28–34), this anonymous man was a disciple of Jesus who made his house available to the Master for His last Passover.
彼得和约翰可以毫不费力地找到带水壶的人,因为男人很少带水壶。这是妇女的任务。就像那些拥有驴和小马的人一样(路加福音1928-34),这匿名的人是耶稣的门徒,他將房子提供给他老师,供祂慶祝最后的逾越节使用。
 
Peter and John would purchase an approved lamb and take it to the temple to be slain. Then they would take the lamb and the other elements of the supper to the house where they planned to meet, and there the lamb would be roasted. The table would be furnished with wine, unleavened bread, and the paste of bitter herbs that reminded the Jews of their long and bitter bondage in Egypt (see Ex. 12:1–28).
彼得和约翰可能会买檢驗過的羊羔,带到聖殿去宰杀。然后他们会把羊肉和晚餐的其他食品带到他们預先计划的樓角上,在那里烤羊羔。桌子上摆放着葡萄酒,无酵饼和提醒他们的袓先在埃及长期和痛苦的束缚的苦涩的香草膏(见出埃及记121-28)。
 
There is a chronological question here that must be addressed or it will appear that the gospel writers are contradicting each other. According to John 18:28, the Jewish leaders had not yet eaten the Passover, and the day Jesus was tried and condemned was “the preparation of the Passover” (John 19:14). But our Lord and His disciples had already eaten the Passover!
这里有按时序排列的问题必须討論,看起来福音书作者彼此或許有矛盾。根据约翰福音18:28的記載,犹太领袖还没有吃过逾越节,耶稣被审判和被定罪的那天是“逾越节的准备”(约翰福音19:14)。在這裡我们的主和的门徒已经吃过逾越节的筵席!
 
In their excellent Harmony of the Gospels (Harper & Row), Robert Thomas and Stanley Gundry suggest a possible solution to the dilemma (pp.  320–23). The Jews at that time reckoned days in one of two ways: from sunset to sunset or from sunrise to sunrise. The first approach was traditionally Jewish (Gen. 1:5), while the second was Roman, though it had biblical precedent (see Gen. 8:22).
罗伯特·托马斯和斯坦利·亨德在他们出色的福音书(HarperRow)中提出了解决衝突的可能方案(320323頁)。当时的犹太人用两种方式估算天數: 从日落到日落或从日出到日出。前一种方法是犹太人传统上用(创世纪15),而後是罗马人用,它有圣经的先例顯示(见创8:22)。
 
If Matthew, Mark, and Luke used the Jewish reckoning, and John the Roman, then there is no contradiction. There was an “overlapping” of days that permitted both groups to celebrate on the same date but a different day. The temple priests permitted the Jews to bring their lambs for sacrifice either the earlier or the later time. Apparently the Jewish leaders followed the Roman form of reckoning (John 18:28), while Jesus and the disciples followed the Jewish form. Our Lord was crucified on Passover at the time when the lambs were being slain, becoming a fulfillment of Old Testament type.
如果马太,马可和路加使用犹太人的计算方式和约翰使用罗马方法,那么就没有矛盾。有“重叠”的日子,允许两个团体在同一天庆祝,但是不同的一天。聖殿祭司允许犹太人在早些或晚些时候带他们的羔羊來作献祭。显然,犹太领袖遵循罗马的計算天數的方式(约翰福音18:28),而耶稣和门徒则遵循犹太人的傳統方式。在羔羊被杀的时候,我们的主在逾越节被钉在十字架上,旧约的預言实现了。
 
2.  During the Supper: Revelation (22:14–16, 21–38)
2.  晚餐期间:启示(2214-16, 21-38
 
The disciples did not know what to expect as they met in the Upper Room, but it turned out to be an evening of painful revelation. Jesus, the Host of the supper, met them with the traditional kiss of peace (He kissed Judas!), and then the men reclined around the table, Judas at our Lord’s left and John at His right (John 13:23).
门徒们不知道他们在角樓上会发生什么,但事实证明这是痛苦的启示之夜。耶稣,逾越節晚餐的主人,用传统的和平之吻(祂亲吻犹大!)来迎接他们,然后那些人围坐在桌子旁边,犹大在我们的主的左边,约翰在祂的右边(约翰福音13:23)。
 
Jesus revealed His love (vv. 14–16). He did this by what He said and by what He did. He told His friends that He had a great desire to share this last Passover with them before He suffered. Passover commemorated the Exodus of Israel from Egypt centuries before, but He would accomplish a greater “exodus” on the cross. He would purchase redemption from sin for a world of lost sinners (Luke 9:31).
耶稣启示了祂的爱(14-16节)。這樣做是為了兌現祂所说的和祂所做的。耶穌告诉祂的朋友们,祂非常渴望在遭受苦難之前与他们分享最后的逾越节晚餐。數世纪以来,逾越节是用來纪念以色列出埃及,但祂将在十字架上实现更大的“出埃及记”。祂会以死的代價救贖世上喪失的罪人(路加福音9:31)。
 
Then He arose, girded Himself with a towel, and washed the disciples’ feet, including Judas’ (John 13:1–20). Later that evening, the Twelve would argue over which of them was the greatest, so this lesson on humility and service did not penetrate their hearts. Perhaps Peter had this scene in mind when years later he admonished his readers to “be clothed with humility” (1 Peter 5:5; and see Phil. 2:1–11).
然后耶穌站起来,用毛巾束腰,洗门徒的脚,包括犹大(约翰福音131-20)。那天很晚的时候,十二個人在争论誰是最大的,所以关于谦卑服事的这功课,  并没有渗透到他们心中。也许彼得在多年之后记住了这情景,他告诫他的读者要“地穿上谦卑的外袍”(彼得前书55;见腓立比书21-11)。
 
Our Lord’s words in Luke 22:16 indicate that there would be no more Passover on God’s calendar. The next feast would be the great “kingdom feast” when He would return to establish His rule on earth (Luke 22:28–30; 13:24–30; Matt. 8:11–12). He saw beyond the suffering to the glory, beyond the cross to the crown, and in His love, He reached out to include His friends.
我们的主在路加福音22:16中所说的话,  表明在上帝的历法上, 不再有逾越节。接下来的盛宴将是伟大的“国盛宴”,那是祂再來地上建立國度时(路加福音2228-30; 1324-30;马太福音811-12)。祂看到了超越痛苦的荣耀,超越了十字架得到的冠冕,并且在祂的爱中,祂伸出手来握所有祂的朋友。
 
Jesus revealed the presence of treachery (vv. 21–23). He had already hinted to His disciples that one of their number was not truly with Him (John 6:66–71), but now He openly spoke about a traitor in their midst. However, He did not do this just for the sake of the disciples, but more for the sake of Judas. Jesus had kissed Judas and washed his feet, and now He was giving Judas another opportunity to repent. It is most significant that Jesus did not openly identify Judas as the traitor but protected him until the very end.
耶稣揭露了出賣事實(第21-23节)。祂已向门徒暗示,他们中間有一人并非真正与祂一體(约翰福音666-71),但现在祂公开谈论他们中间的叛徒。然而,并不是为了门徒而这样做,是为了犹大的缘故。耶稣曾亲吻犹大并洗他的脚,现在祂又给犹大再次悔改的机会。最重要的是,耶稣没有公开认定犹大是叛徒,而是一直保护他到最后。
 
If Jesus knew that Judas would betray Him, why did He choose him in the first place? And, if somebody had to betray the Lord, why condemn Judas? After all, he simply did God’s will and fulfilled the Old Testament prophecy (see Ps. 41:9; 55:12–14; compare Ps. 69:25 and 109:8 with Acts 1:15–20).
如果耶稣知道犹大会背叛为什么一开始就选择他呢?而且,如果有人不得不背叛主,为什么還要谴责犹大呢?毕竟,祂只是按照上帝的旨意完成了旧约的预言(参见诗篇419; 5512-14;比较诗篇69:251098与使徒行传115-20)。
 
Before He chose His twelve apostles, Jesus spent a whole night in prayer (Luke 6:12–16), so we must believe that it was the Father’s will that Judas be among them (John 8:29). But the selection of Judas did not seal his fate; rather, it gave him opportunity to watch the Lord Jesus closely, believe, and be saved. God in His sovereignty had determined that His Son would be betrayed by a friend, but divine foreknowledge does not destroy human responsibility or accountability. Judas made each decision freely and would be judged accordingly, even though he still fulfilled the decree of God (Acts 2:23).
在耶稣选择十二使徒之前,祷告了整整一夜(路加福音612-16),所以我们必须相信这是天父的旨意要犹大在其中(约翰福音8:29)。但选择犹大并没有決定他的命运;  相反,它给了他机会密切观察主耶稣,相信祂可以得救。上帝的主权决定的儿子会被朋友出卖,但神圣的预知不会破坏人的责任或信實。即使猶大仍然履行了上帝的命令, 犹大自由地做出了每一项决定,他也会照他作出相应的得到應該的審判(使徒行传2:23)。
The fact that the disciples were puzzled by this strange announcement reveals that they did not know Judas’ true character, their own hearts (“Which of us could do such a terrible thing?”), or the prophecies in the psalms. Nor did they remember the Lord’s statements that He would be betrayed into the hands of the enemy (Matt. 17:22; 20:18). If Peter had fully understood what was happening, he might have used his sword on Judas!
门徒被这奇怪的宣告困惑的事实,說明他们不知道犹大的真实性格,他们自己的心(“我们中哪一个會做出这样可怕的事?”)或诗篇中的预言。他们也记主的,说会被出卖到敌人的手里(太17:22; 20:18)。彼得完全明白发生了什么事情,他可能会用他的剑殺犹大                                                                                                              

Much about Judas remains a mystery to us, and we must not speculate too much. Judas is certainly a witness to the sinlessness of Jesus Christ, for if anybody could have given witness against Him, it was Judas. However, the authorities had to find false witnesses in order to build their case against Jesus. Judas admitted that he had “betrayed innocent blood” (Matt. 27:4).
关于犹大的问题对我们来说仍然是个谜,我们绝不能揣测太多。犹大无疑是耶稣基督无罪的见证人,因为如果任何人能够证明是对的,那就是犹大。但是,当局必须找到虚假的证人才能建立起控告耶稣的案件。犹大承认他“出賣了无辜的血”(太274)。
At this point, Judas left the Upper Room to go to the religious leaders and get ready for the arrest of Jesus in the garden. Judas went out “and it was night” (John 13:30), for he was obeying the prince of darkness (Luke 22:53). Alas, for Judas, it is still night and always will be night!
此时,犹大离开了角樓去找宗教领袖,准备在花园里逮捕耶稣。犹大出去了“是晚上(约翰福音13:30)因为他服从黑暗之君(路加福音22:53)。唉,对于犹大来说,仍然是夜晚,而且永遠是晚上!
 
Jesus revealed the disciples’ worldliness (vv. 24–30). This was not the first time the disciples had committed this sin (Matt. 20:20–28; Mark 9:33–37; Luke 9:46–48), but in the light of what their Lord had said and done that evening, this latest exhibition was inexcusable. Perhaps the argument grew out of their speculating over who would betray Him, or there may have been some jealousy over the way they had been seated at the table. When you are interested in promoting yourself, it doesn’t take much to start an argument.
耶稣启示门徒的想法(24-30节)。这不是门徒首次犯这罪(马太福音2020-28;马可福音933-37;路加福音946-48),但是根据他们的主在当晚所说的和所做的事情,这最後一次的犯罪是不可原谅。也许是因为他们猜测谁会背叛,或者嫉妒誰坐在桌上的的位置。当你有兴趣提升自己时,争论必然

Jesus had to explain that they were thinking like the unsaved Gentiles and not like God’s children. The Romans in particular vied for honors and did all they could, legally and illegally, to win promotion and recognition, but they are not the examples for us to follow. As in all things, Jesus is our example, and He has completely reversed the measure of true greatness.
耶稣必須說明,  他们的思考像未得救的外邦人一样,不像上帝的儿女。特别是罗马人争夺荣誉,不擇手段,合法地和非法地赢得晋升和认可,但不是我们要遵循的榜樣。正如所有事的顯示,耶稣才是我们的榜样,祂訂定的标准, 完全否定了屬世的真正伟大。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   True greatness means to be like Jesus, and that means being a servant to others. A servant does not argue over who is the greatest, because he knows that he is the least, and he accepts this from the hand of God. Since all Christians are to be servants, there is no reason for us to compete with one another for honors and recognition. It is too bad that this competitive spirit is so strong in the church today as people promote themselves and their ministries as “the greatest.”                          真正的伟大是要像耶稣一样,是要成为别人的仆人。仆人争论谁是最大,因为他知道他是最不重要的,他从上帝的手中接受了这工作。既然所有的基督徒都是仆人,我们就没有理由相互竞争获得荣誉和他人的认可。今天教会中竞争的事如此强烈,以至于人把自己和他们的事工宣传为“最伟大的事”,这太糟糕了。

Jesus closed this lesson on servanthood by reminding them of their future reward in the kingdom (Luke 22:28–30). In spite of their weaknesses and failures, the disciples had stood by Jesus during His earthly ministry, and God would honor them for their faithfulness. We should not mind being servants today, for we shall sit on thrones in the future kingdom! For that matter, our faithful service today is preparing us for the rewards we shall receive. Jesus has set the example: first the cross, then the crown.
耶稣使用将来在国中得到的报酬來提醒他们,结束了关仆人的这课(路加福音2228-30)。尽管他们有弱点和會失败,门徒依賴耶稣在地上作祂的事工,上帝肯定会尊重他们的忠心。今天应该不介意做仆人,因为我们將坐在祂未来的国度的宝座上!因此之故,  今天的忠心事奉,  正是做好准备为我们将获得賞賜。耶稣树立了榜样:首先是十字架,然后是冠冕。
 
Jesus revealed Peter’s denial (vv. 31–38). It is interesting that this word of warning followed the dispute over who was the greatest! Imagine how the disciples must have felt when they heard that not only would one of their number betray Him, but that their spokesman and leader would publicly deny Him! If a strong man like Peter was going to fail the Lord, what hope was there for the rest of them?
耶稣揭示彼得的认祂(第31-38节)。有趣的是,这警告的话緊跟着争论谁為大的後面!試想想,当门徒们听到他们中不仅僅有人背叛祂,而且他们的发言和领导人還会公开的认祂时,就一定会非常困惑!如果像彼得这样的强的人還會羞辱主,那麼对其餘的人還有什么希望呢?
 
The word you in Luke 22:31 is plural; Satan asked to have all the disciples so he might sift them like wheat. These men had been with Jesus in His trials (Luke 22:28), and He would not forsake them in their trials. This was both a warning and an encouragement to Peter and the other men, and our Lord’s prayers were answered. Peter’s courage failed but not his faith; he was restored to fellowship with Christ and was greatly used to strengthen God’s people.
在路加福音22:31中所 門徒是复数; 撒但要求的是所有的门徒,所以可以像小麦一样筛选他们。門徒在审判中与耶稣在一起(路加福音22:28),并且不会在审判中抛弃他们。这既是对彼得和其他門徒的警告和鼓励,也是我们主的祈祷得到了应。彼得只是軟弱,但他的信心却堅定;  他恢复了与基督的交通他就要再次被使用來堅定加强上帝的子民。
 
Peter’s self-confident boasting is a warning to us that none of us really knows his own heart (Jer. 17:9) and that we can fail in the point of our greatest strength. Abraham’s greatest strength was his faith, and yet his faith failed him when he went down to Egypt and lied about Sarah (Gen. 12:10—13:4). Moses’ strength was in his meekness (Num. 12:3), yet he lost his temper, spoke rashly with his lips, and was not allowed to enter Canaan (Num. 20). Peter was a brave man, but his courage failed him and he denied his Lord three times. “Therefore let him who thinks he stands take heed lest he fall” (1 Cor. 10:12 nkjv).
彼得的自信誇大是對我们的警告,沒有人真正了解自己的心(耶利米书179),并且在我们最大的能力上也會有時失败。亚伯拉罕的信心是他最大的能力,但当他下到埃及,  為自己的安全對撒拉的身份而撒谎时,他的信軟弱了(创世记1210-134)。摩西的能力在于他的温柔(民数记123),但他发脾气,轻率话,就不溫柔了,  上帝不允许他进入迦南(民数记20)。彼得是勇敢的人,但他在勇气上軟弱,  使他失败了,他三次认他的主。 所以,自己以為得穩,  要谨慎,以免跌倒”(哥林多前书10:12 新欽定版)。                                                 

The word converted in Luke 22:32 means “turned around.” Peter was already a saved man, but he would soon start going in the wrong direction and would have to be turned around. He would not lose the gift of eternal life, but he would disobey the Lord and jeopardize his discipleship. Actually, all of the disciples would forsake Jesus, but Peter would also deny Him. It is a humbling lesson for all of us.
在路加福音22:32中所说 转过身来是悔改。彼得已经是得救的人,但他很快的开始朝错误的方向前进,所以需要立刻悔改。他不会失去永生的恩赐,但他会否認主,并损害他的门徒身份。实际上,所有的门徒都会離弃耶稣,但彼得也会離開祂。对我们所有人来说,  都是辱的教训。
 
Our Lord’s counsel in Luke 22:35–38 was not fully understood by the disciples, because they interpreted what He said quite literally. Peter’s use of the sword in the garden is evidence of this (Luke 22:49–51). The point He was making was this: “You are now moving into a whole new situation. If they arrest Me, they will one day arrest you. If they treat Me like a common criminal (Isa. 53:12), they will do the same to you; so, be prepared!”
门徒并没有完全理解我们的主在路加福音2235-38中所說的忠告,因为他们完全按照字面意思來解释祂所说的话。彼得在客西馬尼园中使用剑就是明证(路加福音2249-51)。祂要提出的观点是:“你們现正在全新的境況中。如果他们逮捕我,有一天也会逮捕你們。如果他们像对待普通罪犯似的對待我(以赛亚书53:12),也会这样对你; 所以,做好准备!“
 
During their ministry with Jesus, the disciples had been sent out with special authority, and they were treated with respect and appreciation (Luke 9:1ff.; 10:1ff.). At that time, Jesus was still a very popular rabbi, and the authorities were not able to attack His disciples. But now “his hour had come” and the situation would change radically. Today, God’s people are aliens in enemy territory, and we must use our faith and sanctified common sense as we serve the Lord. This is a good warning to zealous people who foolishly get themselves into tight spots and then expect God to perform miracles for them. The apostle Paul knew how to use the “sword” of human government to protect him and the gospel (Acts 16:35–40; 21:37–40; 25:11; Rom. 13).
在与耶稣一起传道期间,门徒在被派出時,  特别的权柄,他们受到了尊重和禮遇(路加福音91對照比較; 101對照比較)。那时,耶稣仍然是非常受欢迎的拉比,当局无法攻击祂的门徒。但现在“祂的时刻到了”,情况发生根本变化。今天,上帝的子民是在敌人领土上的移民,在我们为主服务时,我们必须运用我们的信心和圣洁的常识。对于那些愚蠢地让自己陷入困境的人,  然后期望上帝为他们行神迹的热心人来说,这是很好的警告。使徒保罗知道如何使用人的政府的“剑”(公民權)来保护他和福音(使徒行传1635-40; 2137-40; 25:11;罗马书13章)。
 
Their words, “Here are two swords!” must have grieved the Lord, for they indicated that the disciples had missed the meaning of His words. Did they think that He needed their protection or that He would now overthrow Rome and establish the kingdom? “It is enough!” means “Don’t say anything more about the matter” (Deut. 3:26). His kingdom does not advance by means of men’s swords (John 18:36–37) but by the power of God’s truth, the Word of God that is sharper than any human sword (Eph. 6:17; Heb. 4:12).
他们的话,“这里有两把剑!”一定使主感到悲伤,因为這表示门徒會错了耶穌话的含义。是否他们认为耶穌需要他们的保护,或者祂现在会推翻罗马并建立国度? “这就足够了!”意思是“不要再提这件事”(申命记3:26)。祂的国度不需借着人的刀剑去建立(约翰福音1836-37),而是借着上帝真理的能力,上帝之道比任何人类剑更尖锐(以弗所书6:17;希伯来书4:12
 
3.   After the Supper: Commemoration (22:17–20)
3.    逾越節晚餐后:纪念(2217-20
 
It was when the Passover meal was drawing to a close (Matt. 26:25; Luke 22:20) that Jesus instituted the ordinance that the church calls “the Communion” (1 Cor. 10:16), or “the Lord’s Supper” (1 Cor. 11:20), or “the Eucharist,” from the Greek word that means “to give thanks.”
当逾越节的晚餐即将结束时(马太福音26:25;路加福音22:20),耶稣制定了教会称之为“圣餐”(林前10:16)或“主的晚餐”的条例。 “(哥林多前书11:20),或  圣体圣事,這希腊语的意思是 表示感谢
 
The Passover feast opened with a prayer of thanksgiving, followed by the drinking of the first of four cups of wine. (The wine was diluted with water and was not intoxicating.)
逾越节的盛宴以感恩的祈祷开始,然后喝四杯葡萄酒中的第一杯。 (葡萄酒用水稀释,不會使人醉。)
 
Next they ate the bitter herbs and sang Psalms 113—114. Then they drank the second cup of wine and began eating the lamb and the unleavened bread. After drinking the third cup of wine, they sang Psalms 115—118, and then the fourth cup was passed among them. It is likely that it was this fourth cups of wine, Jesus instituted the Supper.
接下来他们吃了苦涩的草药,并唱诗篇113-114然后他们喝了第二杯酒,开始吃羊肉和无酵饼。在喝第三杯葡萄酒后,他们唱了诗篇115-118,然后喝第四杯時,  杯在他们中间传递。可能是在第四杯葡萄酒時,耶稣设立了晚餐。
 
Paul gave the order of the Supper in 1 Corinthians 11:23–26. First, Jesus broke a piece from the unleavened loaf, gave thanks, and shared it with the disciples, saying that it represented His body, which was given for them. He then gave thanks for the cup and shared it, saying that it represented His blood. It was a simple observance that used the basic elements of a humble Jewish meal. Jesus sanctified the simple things of life and used them to convey profound spiritual truths.
保罗在哥林多前书1123-26訂定了聖餐的規矩首先,耶稣撥開无酵饼,禱告感谢,并与祂的门徒分享,说它代表了祂的身体,这是為他们捨的。然后祂拿起杯來禱告感谢和分享其中的葡萄酒,说它代表祂的血。这是简单的守節日,使用了简陋的犹太餐的基本要素。耶稣使生活中的简单事物成圣,并用它们来传达深刻的属灵真理。
 
Jesus stated one of the purposes for the Supper: “in remembrance of me” (1 Cor. 11:24–25). It is a memorial feast to remind the believer that Jesus Christ gave His body and blood for the redemption of the world. There is no suggestion in the accounts of the Supper that anything “miraculous” took place when Jesus blessed the bread and the cup. The bread remained bread and the wine remained wine, and the physical act of receiving the elements did not do anything special to the eleven disciples. When we partake, we identify ourselves with His body and blood (1 Cor. 10:16), but there is no suggestion here that we receive His body and blood.
耶稣述说聖餐的目的之一:“為的是纪念我”(哥林多前书1124-25)。这是纪念盛宴,提醒信徒,  耶稣基督为救赎他們而献出了祂的身体和血。在聖餐的陳述中没有任何暗示, 当耶稣祝福餅和杯的时侯沒有发生任何“奇迹”的事。餅仍是餅,葡萄酒仍然是葡萄酒,接受这些餅和杯時,  对這十二位门徒没有任何特殊的作用。当我们分享它們时,我们與祂的身体和血认同(哥林多前书10:16),但没有暗示我们接受祂的身体和血。
 
A second purpose for the supper is the proclaiming of His death until He returns (1 Cor. 11:26). The Supper encourages us to look back with love and adoration to what He did for us on the cross and to look forward with hope and anticipation to His coming again. Since we must be careful not to come to the Lord’s table with known sin in our lives, the Supper should also be an occasion for looking within, examining our hearts, and confessing our sins (1 Cor. 11:27–32).
聖餐的第二个目的是宣告耶穌的死,直到祂的再来(哥林多前书11:26)。聖餐鼓励我们以爱和崇拜來回顾祂在十字架上为我们所做的一切事,希望和仰望期待着祂的再来。因此必须小心我们带着生活中已知的罪来到主的聖餐桌前,聖餐也应该是檢視我们裡面,审视我们內心,认罪的机会(哥林多前书1127-32)。
 
A third blessing from the Supper is the reminder of the unity of the church: we are “one loaf’ (1 Cor. 10:17). It is “the Lord’s Supper” and is not the exclusive property of any Christian denomination. Whenever we share in the Supper, we are identifying with Christians everywhere and are reminded of our obligation to “keep the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace” (Eph.  4:3).
餐的第三个祝福是提醒教会的统一:我们是“一”(哥林多前书10:17)。是“主的餐”,并不是任何基督教派专有。每当我们享用聖餐时,都在与各地的基督徒认同,并提醒我们“有义务保持在裡的和平统一”(以弗所书43)。
 
For us to receive a spiritual blessing from the Supper, it takes more than mere physical participation. We must also be able to “discern the body” (1 Cor. 11:29), that is, see the spiritual truths that are inherent in the bread and the cup. This spiritual discernment comes through the Spirit using the Word. The Holy Spirit makes all of this real to us as we wait before the Lord at the table.
为了让我们从晚餐中获得精神上的祝福,它不仅仅是身体上的参与。我们也必须能够“辨别身体”(哥林多前书11:29),也就是说,看到和杯有的属灵真理。这种属灵的辨别力来自使用圣经的圣灵。当我们在主面前等候时,圣灵使这一切成为现实。
 
Following the instituting of the Supper, Jesus taught His disciples many of the basic truths they desperately needed to know in order to have effective ministries in a hostile world (John 14—16). He prayed for His disciples (John 17); then they sang a hymn and departed from the Upper Room for the garden of Gethsemane. Judas knew they would go there and he would have the arresting officers all prepared.
追隨聖餐之條例后,耶稣教导祂的门徒许多他们迫切需要知道的基本真理,為要在充满敌意的世界中,  事工有效的進行(约翰福音14-16)。耶穌为他的门徒祷告(约翰福音17章); 然后他们唱了一首赞美诗,离开了角樓,去了客西马尼园。犹大知道他们会去那里,他会让逮捕的官员都准备好了。
 
As you review this passage, you cannot help but be impressed with the calmness and courage of the Savior. It is He who is in control, not Satan or Judas or the Sanhedrin. It is
He who encourages the apostles! And He is able even to sing a hymn before He goes out to die on a cross! Isaac Watts has best expressed what our response should be:
当你回顾这段经文时,你不禁对救主的平静和勇气的崇敬。是祂仍然撐權,而不是撒旦或犹大或公会。鼓励使徒的是耶穌!在出去要死在十字架上之前,祂甚至可以唱赞美诗!以撒 . 瓦特( Isaac Watts)最能表达我们的回应:
 
Love so amazing, so divine, Demands my soul, my life, my all.
這樣的,如此神圣,需要我的灵魂,我的生命,我的全部。