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| 敬愛的徐世大老師 |
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| 編輯者Stephen Lei |
二. 上帝在我幼年時賜憐憫:
因小日本慘絕人寰的軍閥集團侵略中國，開戰三個月來, 不停的濫炸我國無辜的同胞，慘不忍睹。編輯者12歲就投筆從戎, 報考空軍幼年學校, 為的是要與小日本空軍拼個他死我活, 因為他們太殘忍, 不分日夜的來我國後方轟炸, 甚至轟炸到四川灌縣蒲陽河畔, 太沒有人性.
豈知上帝要打敗他們, 祂差遣天使美國打他們, 小日本無條件投降了。1955年，靠上帝的憐憫, 讓編輯者考上台灣大學土木系水利組, 上帝差天使恩師徐世大教授來苦口婆心的諄諄告誡我, 要與同胞的生活認同. 大學三年級時, 申請去石門水庫見習, 蒙系主任推薦, 順利成行, 斯時與他老人家的眼神相遇, 內心充滿了欽佩之情. 1958年, 這是我國第一次建大埧工程, 又是土埧。我心中深知他的憂心. 2020已被泥巴填滿, 若他見到該是多麼心痛. 多少人貪圖私利，在上遊建造旅遊業大型旅館及高級別墅, 大動土木, 使本來就不穩固的河岸，坍方累累。要不然，可能會達到他老人家的設計目標,達到灌溉給水百年壽命的工程。
在台灣大學極度艱苦的日子裡, 是靠恩師愛心的鼓勵。1959年畢業,1962年回母校任趙國華教授研究助理, 1966恩師為我修改所撰寫的論文, "台灣新店溪地水補注" 。經台大教員升等審核委員會通過, 升格為講師.
1971年經恩師推薦, 由國科會資助, 出國深造, 恩師代我教授水文學課一年, 回國後沒有感謝他老人家的愛心, 真是忘恩負義的人。今想以 "懷念都江堰" 一文, 以表達思念恩師之心。
當年我在蒲陽場受訓，每年盼望的日子，就是清明節步行去灌縣參加都江堰開堰盛典。自1943年住進唐二院，至1949年離開蒲陽場，共連續五年看到這稱譽世界的偉大水利工程。上帝是這樣的愛我們中華民族，在二千二百五十多年前就為我們預備了李冰太守，為旱澇無常的成都平原設計這舉世聞名的 “都江堰”，使成都平原為旱澇從人的“天府之國”。 是它在抗日戰爭中養活了當時在大後方成千上萬的同胞。讓我們八年的抗日戰爭得到最後的勝利，打倒想吞噬我中華民族的倭冦.
國內聞名的余秋雨先生在
“文化苦旅”一書中特別撰寫一篇
“都江堰”，他以歷史的觀點來比較中國古代極著盛名的兩大土木工程 “都江堰” 和 “ 長城”。 他說，“
‘長城’的社會功用早已廢弛，而 ‘都江堰’ 至今還在爲無數民衆輸送汩汩清流。有了它，旱澇無常的四川平原成了天府之國，每當我們民族有了重大灾難，天府之國，總是沈著地提供庇護和濡養。因此，可以毫不誇張地說，它永久性地灌溉了中華民族。……說得近一點，有了它，抗日戰爭中的中國才有一個比較安定的後方…”.
本來成都平原不是旱澇從人的 “天府之國”，而是水旱頻仍，饑饉時見，民不潦生的地方。 少雨則旱，多雨則洪水成災。 因為岷江水源絶大部分是，來自青城山流域，經春天氣溫升高融化的雪水，水量豐富湧猛，若無都江堰的 “魚嘴”(分水堤)，“飛沙堰”(溢洪道)、寶瓶口(引水口)三重要工程來控制岷江水流(示如下圖)，則水害就常常發生，非澇則旱.
II. God's Mercy in My Childhood:
Due to the inhumane aggression of the Japanese warlord clique against China, for three months after the start of the war, they relentlessly bombed our innocent compatriots, causing unbearable suffering. At the age of 12, I abandoned my studies to join the army, applying to the Air Force Junior School, hoping to fight the Japanese air force to the death. They were so cruel, bombing our rear areas day and night, even reaching the banks of the Puyang River in Guanxian, Sichuan—utterly inhumane.
God allowed me to be fortunate enough to pass the exam. At that time, we had already fled to Yudu, Jiangxi, and had to trek over 3,000 li to the banks of the Puyang River in Guanxian, Chengdu, Sichuan, to become junior air force pilots. This shows how deeply I hated the Japanese warlords. Now, at 92 years old, I still remember the Japanese bombing of our capital, Chongqing. More than 3,000 people were trapped and died in air-raid shelters because the bombing was relentless, the alarm signals and bells could not be silenced, and the shelter doors could not be opened. As for why they flew so far to bomb Puyangchang in Guanxian, Sichuan, it's speculated that they wanted to destroy the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, attempting to starve us. The grain produced by Dujiangyan fed millions of Chinese in the rear who were preparing to fight back against the Japanese.
III. God's mercy in my prime:
Who knew that God would defeat them? He sent angels from America to fight them, and Japan surrendered unconditionally. In 1955, through God's mercy, I was admitted to the Hydraulic Engineering Department of National Taiwan University. God sent my angelic mentor, Professor Xu Shida, to earnestly admonish me to identify with the lives of my compatriots. In my third year of university, I applied to intern at the Shimen Reservoir. Thanks to the recommendation of the department head, I was able to go smoothly. At that moment, I met his eyes, and my heart was filled with admiration. In 1958, this was the first time our country had built a large dam, and it was an earthen dam. I deeply understand his worries. 2020 has been filled with mud; how heartbroken he would be if he saw it. So many people, driven by greed, have built large hotels and luxury villas upstream, undertaking massive construction projects that have caused numerous landslides on the already unstable riverbanks. Otherwise, it might have achieved his design goals, a project with a century-long irrigation lifespan.
During those extremely difficult days at National Taiwan University, it was the encouragement and love of my mentor that helped me. After graduating in 1959, I returned to my alma mater in 1962 as Professor Chao Kuo-hua's research assistant. In 1966, my mentor revised my thesis, "Water Supplementation of the Xindian River in Taiwan." After passing the National Taiwan University Faculty Promotion Review Committee, I was promoted to lecturer.
In 1971, on my mentor's recommendation and with funding from the National Science Council, I went abroad for further studies. My mentor taught my hydrology course for a year. Upon returning home, I did not express gratitude for his kindness; I am truly ungrateful. Today, I wish to express my longing for my mentor with this article, "Remembering Dujiangyan."
Remembering Dujiangyan
When I was training at Puyang Field, the day I looked forward to every year was the Qingming Festival, walking to Guanxian to attend the grand opening ceremony of the Dujiangyan Irrigation System. From 1943, when I moved into the Second Tangshan Hospital, until 1949, when I left Puyang Field, I witnessed this world-renowned water conservancy project for five consecutive years. God so loves our Chinese nation, preparing for us over 2250 years ago to appoint Li Bing as governor, designing the world-famous "Dujiangyan" for the Chengdu Plain, which is prone to drought and flood, transforming it into a "land of abundance." It was during the War of Resistance Against Japan that it sustained tens of thousands of compatriots in the rear areas. Let us achieve final victory in our eight-year War of Resistance against Japan and defeat the Japanese invaders who sought to devour our Chinese nation.
The renowned scholar Yu Qiuyu, in his book "A Cultural Journey," wrote a special essay on "Dujiangyan," comparing two of China's most famous ancient civil engineering projects, the Dujiangyan Irrigation System and the Great Wall, from a historical perspective. He stated, "The social function of the Great Wall has long since fallen into disuse, while the Dujiangyan Irrigation System continues to provide flowing water to countless people. Thanks to it, the Sichuan Plain, prone to drought and floods, became a land of abundance. Whenever our nation faced major disasters, this land of abundance always calmly provided shelter and sustenance. Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that it has permanently irrigated the Chinese nation… To put it more simply, thanks to it, China had a relatively stable rear area during the War of Resistance against Japan…"
Originally, the Chengdu Plain was not a land of abundance, free from drought and floods, but rather a place plagued by frequent droughts and famines, where people struggled to survive. Little rain brought drought, and abundant rain brought devastating floods. Because the Minjiang River's water source is mostly from the Qingcheng Mountain basin, which is formed by melting snow in the spring when temperatures rise, the water volume is abundant and surging. Without the three important engineering projects of Dujiangyan—the "Fish Mouth" (water diversion dike), the "Feisha Weir" (spillway), and the Baopingkou (water intake)—to control the Minjiang River's flow (as shown in the diagram below), floods would frequently occur, resulting in either floods or droughts.
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李冰為四川郡守時，以愛民的仁慈心腸，並以 “民以食為天” 為施仁政的觀念，來為民除水害，日以繼夜，冒風霜的與有灌溉有經驗的農民，先對岷江地形和水情做了一次詳細的勘查，上到岷江上游青城山麓，下到成都平原。 勘查的結果，規劃出魚嘴在江心位置，飛沙堰排洪，及在玉壘山脚開鑿寶瓶口(灌溉用水的引水口)。 但在斯時無火藥來爆破的情况下，是以鉄鑿一錘一錘鑿通玉壘山的花崗岩。 後來又發明以火燒石，(利用熱漲冷縮的原理，爆裂岩石 )，大大加快了工程進度，終于在玉壘山腳鑿出寬20公尺，高40公尺，長80公尺的一條引水道口，所以這是用民間血汗鑿出的，工程的樞紐 ─ 引水口，沒有它，水就無法流入那上帝賜予的，那塊不用苦苦挖掘的坡度適合的成都平原的千百條灌溉渠道。因形狀酷似瓶口，故取名 "寶瓶口"，把開鑿玉壘山腳，分離的石堆，稱為 “離堆” 也就是我們旅遊的離堆公園下面的 “伏龍觀”。 When Li Bing served as the governor of Sichuan, he was compassionate and benevolent towards the people, adhering to the principle that "food is the first necessity of the people" in his governance. He worked tirelessly day and night, braving wind and frost, alongside experienced farmers specializing in irrigation. First, he conducted a detailed survey of the Minjiang River's topography and water conditions, extending from the foothills of Qingcheng Mountain in the upper reaches of the Minjiang to the Chengdu Plain. The survey resulted in the planning of a fish-mouth section in the middle of the river, the Feisha Weir for flood control, and the excavation of the Baopingkou (a water intake for irrigation) at the foot of Yulei Mountain. However, lacking the explosives of the time, they painstakingly chiseled through the granite of Yulei Mountain, hammer blow by hammer blow. Later, they invented a method of burning the rocks (using the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to crack the rocks), which greatly accelerated the progress of the project. Finally, they carved out an aqueduct at the foot of Yulei Mountain, 20 meters wide, 40 meters high, and 80 meters long. This aqueduct was carved out with the blood and sweat of the people. It was the key to the project—the aqueduct. Without it, water could not flow into the thousands of irrigation canals of the Chengdu Plain, a gift from God with a suitable slope that did not require arduous digging. Because its shape resembles the mouth of a bottle, it was named "Baopingkou" (Bottle Mouth). The pile of stones separated at the foot of Yulei Mountain was called "Lidui" (Separated Pile), which is the "Fulong Temple" below the Lidui Park that we visit.
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| 上帝所賜的天然傾銷坡度 God grant the slope 5‰ |
從工程的觀點來說明為何它是上帝賜給我們中華民族的恩典。該工程的能有效運作二千多年，得力於地利。 從現代水利規劃的角度來看，魚嘴位置的選擇是因岷江彎曲的河道給以充分的有利條件，在古代二千二百年前，要建埧分水，是非常的艱難，都江堰是不用實體埧來分水， 以 “無埧分水” 稱譽世界的偉大水利工程，是出于李冰的慧心及苦心的結晶。其次，是渠首位于岷江的沖積扇的扇脊上，換句話說，是成都平原的頂點，也就是說 “引水口” 位於海拔700多米的高處(成都附近海拔400米左右)，居高臨下，向東南傾斜呈扇形擴展，地形坡降平均達 5‰ 的自然傾斜地形，是修建灌溉工程最有利的條件，它可以不要作堤，只挖淺溝，即可引水灌溉，自然形成河道 (示如左圖)。我受訓的空軍幼年學校的校址所在地的蒲陽場，即是一條渠道造成的蒲陽河畔。 因這優良地形，使挖掘的工程量非常有限，而且灌溉與排水可以使用同一渠道，水可重復使用，非常經濟。最終，開挖大小干支灌溉渠道共500多條，總長度逹1156公里，自動灌溉成都平原上300多萬亩良田(註: 現在的情形大大的增加). From an engineering perspective, this is why it is considered a gift from God to the Chinese nation. The project's effective operation for over two thousand years is attributed to its advantageous location. From a modern water conservancy planning perspective, the choice of the Fish Mouth location was due to the favorable conditions provided by the meandering Minjiang River. Two thousand two hundred years ago, building dikes to divert water was extremely difficult. Dujiangyan, however, does not use physical dikes for water diversion, earning it the reputation of "diversion without dikes"—a magnificent water conservancy project renowned worldwide, a testament to Li Bing's wisdom and painstaking efforts. Secondly, the headworks are located on the ridge of the Minjiang River's alluvial fan, in other words, at the apex of the Chengdu Plain. This means the "water intake" is situated at an altitude of over 700 meters (around 400 meters near Chengdu), offering a commanding view. The natural slope, averaging 5‰, provides ideal conditions for irrigation construction. It eliminates the need for dikes; shallow ditches are sufficient to divert water, naturally forming a river channel (as shown in the left diagram). The site of the Air Force Junior School where I received my training, Puyang Field, is located on the banks of the Puyang River, which is formed by a canal. This excellent terrain limited the amount of excavation work required, and irrigation and drainage could use the same canal, allowing water to be reused, making it very economical. Ultimately, more than 500 irrigation canals of various sizes were excavated, with a total length of 1156 kilometers, automatically irrigating more than 3 million mu of fertile land on the Chengdu Plain (Note: the situation has greatly improved since then).
寶瓶口西邊凸出而高大的玉壘山崖，阻擋內江洪流的作用，寶瓶口增加泄水的作用。如洪峰期間，一部分洪流遵照寶瓶口明文規定的 “水則”，規規矩矩地從寶瓶口流出，保證成都平原灌溉用水，其餘的洪流被迫通過飛沙堰，人字堤流向外江，達到了排洪减灾作用。
The operation of this water conservancy project demonstrates the ingenuity and meticulousness of engineer Li Bing's design. Firstly, the Fish Mouth (鱼嘴) and the Jingang Dike (金刚堤) are connected and located in the middle of the river. Their construction and function are closely related to the meandering riverbed morphology. The Jingang Dike is essentially a sandbar deposited on the Minjiang Riverbed, and the Fish Mouth, located at the top of the Jingang Dike, resembles the mouth of a whale, hence the name "Fish Mouth." The combined function of the Fish Mouth and the Jingang Dike is to separate the Minjiang Riverbed, dividing it into the inner and outer rivers. Therefore, the Fish Mouth and the Jingang Dike are a crucial engineering feat, achieving the effect of water separation without the need for a dam. When floods come, both rivers rise. The floodwaters of the inner river impact the concave bank on the east side, which is the granite bank of Yulei Mountain. It is extremely strong and not easily eroded. The water flow also creates a circulation due to the bend, flowing in the opposite direction to the convex bank. The water flow changes direction and the speed is greatly reduced. Some of the silt is deposited in the middle of the river, forming a large-scale river island (Jingang Dam). The silt continues to accumulate and extend at the head of the island. With continuous human construction, reinforcement and protection, it has formed the natural artificial Jingang Dam and Fish Mouth of today. The fish-mouth weir effectively diverts water and sediment. During the dry seasons of winter and spring, when the Minjiang River's water level is low and the main flow tends to be concave along the valley's concave bank, the diversion weir directs approximately 60% of the water into the inner river and 40% into the outer river, ensuring sufficient water for the irrigation area—a system known as "40/60 water diversion." During the flood seasons of summer and autumn, when the Minjiang River's water level rises and the main flow becomes relatively straight, most of the water flows towards the convex bank. Therefore, the diversion weir again directs 60% of the water into the outer river and 40% into the inner river. If the water level in the inner river is still high, the fish-mouth weir restricts the inflow, causing the floodwaters to rush to the opposite bank, overflow the flying sand weir, and flow into the outer river, thus protecting the irrigation area from flooding.
Furthermore, the fish-mouth weir, a crucial water diversion project in the inner river, works organically with the flying sand weir, jointly undertaking flood control and disaster mitigation, and ensuring the irrigation area's water supply.
