127英语语法应用(十四)

                                                 

127英语语法应用(十四)   段落概述(一)  Introduction to paragraph        5/27/2015

我们在天上的父, 感谢祢的怜悯和慈爱, 不记念孩子的犯罪恶行,  仍然赐我生命, 又让我活一天. 

求爱我们的主耶稣可怜孩子的小信, 没有坚定信靠祢赐下的大能来抗拒魔鬼的引诱, 求祢再次施恩赦免, 使我在今天开始再一次活出祢的样式, 爱祢爱人.

主啊,  求祢再次赐下智慧, 使我能把最后一段英文作文能讲得清楚, 对他们有帮助. 奉主耶稣的圣名祷告祈求.  阿门.

英语造句就此告一段落.  知道基本的造句方法, 用举一反三的思想路线, 你可以把短句延伸或加强.  造成你想要的有效的句子. 

有关英语作文写作方面的基本－－是如何写英文文章的段落.  开始写段落时, 必须要注意, 它有一定的的模式, 也就是说要了解英美人士的思想路径.  在高中学英语作文时, 老师常提  “主题句(topic sentence)” 是写段落时必须注意的地方.  这与我国作文的破題大大的不同. 

主题句指出段落大意,  即段落所要叙述或讨论之内容.  结构上 (主题句) 等于是该段落的主旨; 换句话说是它的中心意念.  它的主导思想(controlling idea)多般写在 “主题句” 的后面.

主题句的位置视文章的类型而定.  若为分析性的论说文(argumentation)或说明文(exposition) 等, 常置于段落之首; 反之, 记叙文(narration), 如: 说故事, 述说自己的经历等, 因布局, 背景, 及逐步发展, 故常落于段落尾部;  若前有数句说明背景的引言, 则“主题句”常会出现于段落中间.

接着是支持说明主题的细节的句子, 称为支持细节(support details)用来承接主题句所要说明的中心意思.  支持细节又分主要的承接(major support ), 进一步为主题发挥其中心的意念, 指出事证, 理由, 原因或解释等.  然後是次要的承接(minor support ),  比較深入的提出相关信息, 分析, 或例证等.

英文作文在一段的最后总有个结论, 这是须牢记的.

     例如 : 引用圣经哥林多前书十三章第二段作段落的支持细节的说明:

             Love is patient, love is kind (该段主题句). It does not envy, it does not 
                boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, 
                it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs.  Love does not 
                delight in evil but rejoices with the truth (这些句子都是用来支持细
     节的, 没有分主要或次要).  It always protects, always trusts, always 
                hopes, always perseveres(这是总结).

        譯文:

              爱是恆久忍耐又有恩慈。爱不嫉妒，不自吹自擂， 不自高自大。爱不粗

              鲁，不自私自利，爱不是暴躁的，不记别人的过错。 爱不喜欢邪恶，

              爱喜欢真理。 爱包容一切，爱总是信任，爱总是希望着，爱是永不止息。

再举高中学生的英文作文中的一段落, 来阐明段落中支承细节及其一貫性的重要.

      例如：

                My favorite sport is football. I have a friend likes football too. When we 
                    go the playground, we can often see the boys play football. It seems
                    everybody likes football, don't you?

这段文字, 其中字词都拼对了, 而且所用的短语, 及英语语法没有大错, 只是内容上却缺乏支持细节的作用. 换句话说, 它后面的句子都没有用来加强阐释这个主题(My favorite sport  is football).  支持细节是用来阐释为什么“我喜好橄欖球”.   

126英语语法应用(十三)

     

126英语语法应用(十三)   写有效的句子(三)  writing an effective sentence   5/20/2015

什么是有效的句子?  是简洁, 意念完整, 没有错误, 和强而有力的句子.

例如 :

       I am very like listen music, listen music can reduce pleasure (pressure).

       I do like listening to the music, because my tenseness will be relaxed. 

           (修正,  “我很喜爱听音乐, 因它可松弛我紧张的情绪”)

      该句子是国内高中学生写的.  不是有效的句子.  因为不合上述的有效句子的范畴. 第一 : 拼错了字, 把 “pressure”写成“pleasure”.  这是国内喜爱学英语的年青朋友常犯的毛病. 原因是出于发音的问题.  第二 : 英语语法. 词类错误 “like” 当介词时, 必须后面接名词当作宾语, 改为用动名词短语 “listening to the music” 做宾语.  第三 : “listen music can reduce pleasure” 这是一句中文式的英文独立子句, 有两个动词 “can reduce  和 listen”.  可以改为两句独立句子, 但不如变化为一从属子句 “because my tenseness will be relaxed” 后面加上强有力的动词短语“will be relaxed” 较为妥善.

造句练习是锻练写作能力的基础.   包括：不要拼错字; 了解词汇不只有单一的意义;认识不同词类的功能; 彻底明白主词与动词的关系; 动词与宾词的关系; 以及英语语法中再三加重说明的句子的结构型式.

下列这句子是有效的句子.  它简洁, 意念完整, 没有错误.

I went to store to buy bread for breakfast this morning. 

该句子的分析:  是单句第五类 : 主语为单一主词,  其述语为“be” 或 “linking” 动词 + 补足语(用来补足动词的意义).

 主语                                               述                                       语

 主词     动词                副        词      用       来        足            语

                       无限式短语        无限式短语       介词短语            修饰短语 

    I        went     to store             to buy bread     for breakfast          this morning.

 

    [注] : 介词短语修饰 “bread” , 其它都是修饰动词 “went”.

分辨不完整的和不间断的句子. 

例如 :

            Running along the bank of the shallow creek.   不完整的句子.

习题 一百二十九

请细读下列各句子, 若是完整的句子, 注明为“完整的”; 否则写“不完整的”.

1. Science Technology Associates creating multimedia science products. 
     范例: 不完整的

2. Miss Wang needs a new ink cartridge for her printer.                             
     范例: 完整的

3. A new art exhibit from January 1 until March 15. 

4. When he went to the new restaurant, Mr. Wang ordered chicken salad. 

5. A line of cars miles long.

6. We played checkers first; then we played chess. 

7. Because there is an expiration date.

8. The rocks on the beach were very smooth. 

9. Children swimming and playing in the river.

习题 一百三十

请细读下列各句子, 若是完整的句子, 不必更正; 否则, 更正如下例.

    例如 : 

 When we left the soccer field.

 It was still morning when we left the soccer field.

1. Fixed the smoke detector in the hall.

2. A new picture taken for his passport.

3. Born in Taipei, Taiwan, in the autumn of 1930.

4. Ruth tried out her new in-line skates today.

5. Playing basketball with friends from the neighborhood.

6. Wasn’t that an exciting and pleasant surprise?

7. Because that high school has a new athletic program for students with disabilities.

8. The new movie about dinosaurs on Tuesday.

9. By the time the clowns arrived, the party was almost over.

10. Is a good role model?

分辨不间断 (run on)的句子

例: 

         On Saturday I went to the park to walk my dog and play

              soccer with my friends, they were visiting from out of

              town for the weekend.

                ( 不间断的句子)

习题一百三十一

请细读下列各句子, 若是正确的句子, 注明为“正确的”; 否则写“不间断的”.

1. All of my friends went to the concert last Saturday, and I could not go.  
       范例 : 正确的

2. The athletes swam, biked, and ran, I bet they slept well that night. 
       范例: 不间断的

3. The villagers work together when it is time to harvest the crops.

4. After the storm, the porch was covered with leaves and sticks.

5. It was a hot summer day, Mr. Chang played in the pool.

6. Our next-door neighbor rang the doorbell our dog barked.

7. If we don’t hurry, we’ll be late for the play, we won’t be allowed to enter until 
    the first intermission.

8. Mr. Chen realized he had no pen he asked Mr. Chang if he could borrow one.

9. After falling asleep on the sofa, the children were carried to bed by their parents.

习题一百三十二

请细读下列各句子, 若是正确的句子, 不必更正; 否则更正.

    例如 :

  Thunder roared and rumbled lightning flashed across the dark skies.

              (更正 Thunder roared and rumbled, and lightning flashed across the dark 
              skies或Thunder roared and rumbled; lightning flashed across the dark skies.)

1. John wants to ask Ruth to the dance, he does not know if she already has a date.

2. The math problems in the homework assignment were easy there were too 
    many of them.

3. Five golfers from Madison High School were chosen for the tournament, this
    will be the first tournament for three of them.

4. Radio waves travel at the speed of light they can go through many solid 
    objects, including the walls of most buildings.

5. My mother supports the incumbent candidate for treasurer my father will 
    vote for the challenger.

6. The largest province in Canada is Quebec, the capital of the province is Quebec City.

7. Mary wanted to learn how to stencil, she enrolled in a stenciling course at the library.

125英语语法应用(十二)

                              

125英语语法应用(十二)   句中词序(二)      word order                 5/12/2015

复习单句的五类:

     第一类 : 主语为单一主词,  其述语为动词.

     第二类 : 主语为单一主词,  但其述语为动词 + 直接宾语.

     第三类 : 主语为单一主词,  其述语为 动词 + 直接宾语 + 间接宾语.

     第四类 : 主语为单一主词,  其述语为动词 + 直接宾语 + 副词补足语(形容动词).

     第五类 : 主语为单一主词,  其述语为“be” 或 “linking” 动词 + 补足语(用来补足其意义).

另三类句型: (参 “词类作用的转换及句型 (六) ‘英文文法’博客11/1/2011贴出”)

     第六类 : 复句 :  包括一个独立子句和一个或多个附属子句的句子.   

           是单句的延伸, 加上一个关系附属子句, 该子句属于“额外资料”一

           类, (第86 讲 “额外补充说明的关系子句”(一)和87讲(二) 于7/20/2014贴出).

              例如 :   独立                            附属子句                          子句

                      My friend, whom I had not seen for several years, came to see me .

                       (我那数年不见的朋友, 曾来看我. “有底线者为独立子句”, “额外资料” 

                       关系子句, 用时在习惯上必须在该句前后要加逗点 “  , ” 来分开.)

        第七类 : 合句是单句的延伸, 是两个独立子句用一个同等连词连接的句子.

                     例如 :                 独立子句                             独立子句

                            My friend came to see me and we made a trip together.

                                  (我的朋友来看我,我们一同去旅行.

        第八类复合句 : 包括一个或多个独立子句和一个或多个附属子句的句子. 
            是连接第六类和第七类的句子而形成的复合句.

                             

            例如 :    独立子句                附属子句              独立子句             附属子句

           Now faith is confidence in what we hope for and assurance about what we do not see.

           (信是对所望的事有把握，对还没看见的事有確据 ‘聖經  希伯來書11章1節’.)

word order (词序)

若能掌握英语单词在句子中的顺序,任何复杂的句子, 只要没有生字, 我们都能大致读得懂. 即使是有少量不认得的字的句子, 也能明白它的大概意思.  并且在造句功能上有奇特的作用.  依序说明下:

1.       主语在述语的前面.

2.       若只是一个动词, 一般副词在动词之前面.

          例如: 

                 Tom always(副词) goes(动词) to work by car.

                  I almost(副词) fell(动词) as I was going down the stairs.    

         

  若与这些 “be” 动词am, is, are, was 和were, 在一起的次序, 副词则在它们之后.

       例如:

                 We were feeling very tired and we were also hungry.

                 Why are you always late? You're never on time.

                 The traffic isn't usually as bad as it was this morning.

     若是组合的动词短语, 则要注意和什么字用在一起:

         1.) 与can remember, doesn't smoke, has been stolen 等的组合的动词短语的
            次序, 副词要放在第 一动词之后.

                例如 :

                    I can(第一动词) never(副) remember(第二动词) his name.

                   Ann doesn't(第一动词) usually(副词) smoke.( 第二动词)

                   Your car has(第一动词) probably(副词) been(第二动词) stolen.

                    [注]  “probably” 副词常在否定句的动词前.
                 例如: I probably won't see you.

                             或 I will probably not see you. (不能写 'I won't probably.')

2.)  是Verb + object 这样的短语组合,  一般不插入任何单词在其中.

               例如:

                     I like children very much. (not 'l like very much children')

                    Did you see your friends yesterday?

                    Do you clean the house every weekend?

                        (不可写成 'Do you clean every weekend the house?')

3.     一种在它要修饰的词汇前面, 几乎都是紧接在他们所修饰的名词之前,
    叫做属性形容词; 另一种放在整个句子的后面, 称为宾位形容词. 

                例如 :               

                       Taipei is a lively city.  (属性用法, lively 修饰city)

       单一修饰词描述名词时，一般要放在名词的前面。它们的前面常常须要加冠词,
         其后有其它的修饰词等. 

          例如：a red flower(一朵红花)

                     an interesting story(一个有趣的故事)

                [注] : 放在被修饰的单词后
                         例如,   The fish is still alive. 

                                    (这条鱼仍是活生生的, 不能写 alive fish. )

  在以下特殊用法中, 形容词置于所修饰的名词之后.

          例如：All people, young or old, should be strict with themselves. (同等地位)
                        (所有的人，无论老少，都应该严格要求自己.)
                    We are building a new school, modern and super.   (同等地位短句)
                       (我们正在建一所现代化和超标准的新型学校.)
                    All countries, rich and poor, should help one another. (同等地位短句)

                      (所有的国家，无论穷富, 都应该互相帮助.)

  有少数形容词, 如enough和possible, 既可置于所修饰的名词前面也可置于它的后面.

        例如：Do you have enough time to prepare? (也可写time enough)

                     (你有足够的时间做准备吗？)
                       Maybe it will be a possible chance for you.  (也可写chance possible)

                      (或许它将成为一次可能的机遇.)

  有些形容词, 置于名词之前与之后, 含义不尽相同. 

           例如：the writer present  (出席的作者)
                       the present writer  (现在的作者)
  

  若有一组形容词修饰一个名词, 下列的排列的顺序可作为参考:

            冠词 + 数量 + 属性 + 形状 + 年龄 + 颜色 + 出处 + 材料 

            例如,  The old lady bought a few useful oblong black cardboard boxes yesterday.

                      (昨天这位老妇人买了一些有用的长方形黑色的厚纸板盒子.)
                      We were deeply impressed by her charming small pink face.

                       (我们对于她那迷人的粉红色小小脸蛋印象深刻.)

  4. 若在句子后面有显示地点或表时间的词组, 习惯上常常是地点在时间的前面,
       即动词与地方结合在一起.

      例如 :  go home, live in a city, walk to work 等等.

    若动词有宾语, 表地方的单词紧接着动词:

       例如:   take somebody home, meet a friend in the street.

    若有表示时间的组词同时出现, 时间组词在最后.

        例如:

              Tom walks to work every morning.

                   (不可写 'Tom walks every morning to work')

              She has been in Canada since April.

              We arrived at the airport early.

              I'm going to Paris on Monday. (不可写 'I'm going on Monday to Paris')

              They have lived in the same house for a long time.

              Don't be late. Make sure you're here by 8 o'clock.

              Sarah gave me a lift home after the party.

              You really shouldn't go to bed so late.

   通常可以把表时间的词组放在句首.

         例如:

                On Monday I'm going to Paris.

                Every morning Tom walks to work.

请分析下列句子.

I went to store to buy bread for breakfast this morning.

    朋友, 写作是学语言的关键, 说话是天生的(非母语的例外). 你能很容易的造中文句子吗? 何况是学写英语句子.  你若能清清楚楚分析上列的句子, 那么英语造句你是过关了.