Tuesday, November 18, 2025

1311 水利工程學(一) A grateful heart. 感恩的心. 01/12/2025

1311 水利工程學(一)                               A grateful heart.     感恩的心.                                  01/12/2025

親愛的主內訪客, 孩子已蒙恩活到94歲, 感謝主賜孩子感恩的心, 常常給我帶來喜樂, 而喜樂是良葯, 醫治我很多病痛. 

恩的心, 第一要常常的喜樂.「你們要謹慎,無論是誰都不可以惡報惡;或是彼此相待,或是待眾人,常要追求良善。要常常喜樂,不住地禱告,凡事謝恩,因為這是父上帝在子基督耶穌裡向你們所定的旨意。」

其次,恩的心要不住地禱告,因為禱告能讓我們與上帝同工。祂選擇與人同工,要我們按照祂的心意禱告,祂就要來工作。上帝要我們藉著禱告與祂同工,好讓祂的工作能夠成就。我們需要不住地禱告,不止息地禱告,當祂把感動和負擔放在我們裡面時,我們就要為主興起,藉著禱告與祂同工。

恩的心使很多信徒常想明白上帝的旨意(編輯者30多年前就寫了一編文章 "如何尋求上帝的旨意."),事實上要知道並不難明白。祂說要常常喜樂,不住禱告,凡事謝恩,因為這是祂在基督耶穌裡,向我們所定的旨意。首先要常常喜樂,因為喜樂是基督徒的標誌;如果基督徒不喜樂,那麼天堂對他又有什麼意義呢?有時靠著肉體,實在無法喜樂,難怪司布真牧師曾說:「當你向別人談起天堂時,臉上要顯出格外的榮光;但當你跟別人講到地獄時,平常那張臉就可以了。」我們知道要喜樂,卻喜樂不起來,臉上常滿了愁容;因為我們的眼目,只看到周圍的環境。喜樂不是靠自己,要靠聖靈的大能;這就是為什麼每天我們需要來到上帝面前,被祂的靈大大充滿。要來到聖靈的井旁,從祂那裡得著能力;得到喜樂的泉源在你裡面,就能天天活出活潑的見證。

第三,有恩的心的人.  要凡事謝恩。不是每天有事沒事就說「感謝主」,感恩乃是一種心態,在每件事上必須有感恩的心態。感恩的心能使我們謙卑,看見上帝在萬事萬物上的心意,也能使我們學習欣賞別人的好處,不再以自我為中心,能看見祂在我們在自己身上的工作,也看見別人在自己身上的工作,心中就充滿感恩的意念。更重要的是,感恩的心也使我們充滿喜樂;自私的人看不見別人的好處,也充滿埋怨。只有感恩的人,常看見別人對他的好處,心中立刻充滿喜樂。求上帝幫助我們,每天都活出這樣的見證,常常喜樂,不住禱告,凡事謝恩,將榮耀歸給祂。

    求愛我們的主, 再賜孩子半年活命的恩典, 幫助我能報答恩師徐教授的愛護, 完成這本他祈望有的中文 "水利工程學", 讓我中華兒女知道先祖是多麼珍惜他們的子孫, 改善我們生活的環境.

   這本水利工程學教科書是編輯者很早就想寫的補助教材.  應該必須包括 "水力學及水文學兩工程教學工具學門."  因為它們是我國基本科學所以落後的原因之一.  今知道 "水力學" 有恩師盧衍祺教授所著 "流體力學" 可供使用參考.  故不在本水利工程裡再討論.    以下僅作水文學重點說明.  因水文學這門科學剛剛在我國生根發芽.  因訓勢利導, 必須作詳細解釋, 請參考徐世大教授等著, "實用水文學".

          水利工程是經濟使用水的近代科學, 必須論及一些經濟的假設, 也就是有一些新的意義要加以說明, 例如在下圖出現的一些名詞.  

水文學上的大氣循環系統

Precipitation (𩂣與 rainfall(降雨) 在水文學上的意義:

  "人造雨"  (artificial rainfall) 這是目前在水文學上, 世界各國都在非常急需研討的課題.  切不可譯成(artificial Precipitation   "人造𩂣). 因為Precipitation 中文意義是𩂣( 註: 霣𩂣的 "𩂣" 字可以複製本討論的字而得到).  霣𩂣是大自然所有大汽水份形成的物質, 如: 霧, 霾, 冰, 雨, 雪....等, 雖然都是由水形成的, 但不可譯為 "降水".  又如, evaporation 稱晞暵而不能譯成蒸發 ,  在特殊時段內水或冰蒸發之量。 晞暵會造成水的大量損失,在乾旱地區更為甚. evapotranspiration 晞蒸.  晞蒸是葉蒸與晞暵的總和(不是蒸發散). 尤其是葉蒸不好譯為蒸散.  葉蒸影響大汽的水循環至巨. 沙漠成因與葉蒸有很大的關係.  地水(groundwater)不可譯成地下水.  如上圖所示,  地下水是整個地表以下至地質學上定為不透水層以上的一大片區域的有關水運作的水物質, 皆稱地下水.  而地水却是真正像表面河流一樣在地底下飽和的地水河流稱為地水.  

還有近年來水文學用圖形來解釋的方法較為容易了解其概念.  例如地表水逕流的演算, 特別是洪水演算問題.  請參閱徐世大教授等合著的 "實用水文學".  (另請參閱徐世大教授著:  水文學中英名詞對照,)



水文過程是水利工程過程之一。解釋水文過程的共同之處在於流體力學的基本原理。水力學過程包括三種流動類型:管道(壓力)流動、明渠流動和地水流動。水利工程這一主題涵蓋了生物科學、工程學、物理科學和社會科學等多個研究領域。生物科學領域涵蓋生態學和動物學,物理科學領域涵蓋化學、氣象學和物理學,社會科學領域涵蓋經濟學和社會學。本討論所使用的「水利工程」一詞,著重於水文和水力學在供水管理和過剩水資源管理方面的工程應用。

1.  概論:  

      自從1938年李約瑟立意「寫作一部有關中國科學,思想與技術的系統、客觀、權威的史書」以來,劍橋大學出版的「中國之科學與文明」至今已發行七大卷十五分冊;而為此執著一生,耕耘半世紀以上的主要撰述者李約瑟博士,則仍以其驚人的毅力繼續撰寫眾所期待的結論。編輯者於1975年任教台灣大學土木系水利組教授水利工程課時, 正感到教課時的中國水利工程資料缺乏, 讀李約瑟所著的「中國之科學與文明」第四分冊---水利篇, 仍覺不夠清楚.  今特以一章細述之: 都江堰(作者年輕時, 曾住在此處四年之久),  鄭國渠, 及靈渠.   

      中華民族是以務農為業.  灌溉是養生必須的操作.  但世人却在作戰時, 為增戰力, 企圖消滅他國, 支持戰力, 大施開墾灌溉工程, 以維持其作戰的潛力.  下述的都江堰即其一也.  鄭國渠為另一方面的灌溉工程開發的原因.  靈渠則是使用的變換.  容編著者慢慢一 一解說. (有位美籍水資源教科書作者: Water Resources Engineering, 2nd Edition, Larry W. Mays. 他祈望知道古老水利工程, 那只有中國, 所以將部份文件譯為英文.) 

一.   都江堰

懷念都江堰            

  當年我在蒲陽場受訓,每年盼望的日子,就是清明節步行去灌縣參加都江堰開堰盛典。1943年住進蒲陽場的唐二院,至1949年離開蒲陽場,共連續四年看到這稱譽世界的偉大水利工程。上帝是這樣的愛我們中華民族,在二千二百五十多年前就為我們預備了李冰太守,為旱澇無常的成都平原設計這舉世聞名的 “都江堰,使成都平原變為旱澇從人的天府之國 是它在抗日戰爭中養活了當時在大後方成千上萬的同胞。讓我們八年的抗日戰爭得到最後的勝利,打倒想吞噬我中華民族的軍國主義的日本倭冦.

       國內聞名的余秋雨先生在 “文化苦旅一書中特別撰寫一篇 “都江堰,他以歷史的觀點來比較中國古代極著盛名的兩大土木工程 “都江堰”  “ 長城。 他說,“ ‘長城的社會功用早已廢弛,而  都江堰’  至今還在爲無數中華民族輸送汩汩清流。有了它,旱澇無常的四川平原成了天府之國,每當我們民族有了重大灾難,天府之國,總是沈著地提供庇護和濡養。因此,可以毫不誇張地說,它永久性地灌溉了中華民族……說得近一點,有了它,抗日戰爭中的中國才有一個比較安定的後方…”.

     本來成都平原不是旱澇從人的 “天府之國,而是水旱頻仍,饑饉時見,民不潦生的地方。 少雨則旱,多雨則洪水成災。 因為岷江水源絶大部分是,來自青城山流域,經春天氣溫升高融化的雪水,水量豐富湧猛,若無都江堰的  魚嘴(分水堤)the "Fish Mouth" (water diversion dike),飛沙堰(溢洪道) "Feisha Weir" (spillway),、寶瓶口(引水口)Baopingkou (water intake)三重要工程來控制岷江水流,則水害就常常發生,非澇則旱.                                                                 Originally, the Chengdu Plain was not a land of abundance, free from drought and floods, but rather a place plagued by frequent droughts and famines, where people struggled to survive. Little rain brought drought, and abundant rain brought devastating floods. Because the Minjiang River's water source is mostly from the Qingcheng Mountain basin, which is formed by melting snow in the spring when temperatures rise, the water volume is abundant and surging. Without the three important engineering projects of Dujiangyan—the "Fish Mouth" (water diversion dike), the "Feisha Weir" (spillway), and the Baopingkou (water intake)—to control the Minjiang River's flow (as shown in the diagram below), floods would frequently occur, resulting in either floods or droughts.


                                                            都江堰概略圖

      李冰為四川郡守時,以愛民的仁慈心腸,並以 
民以食為天”  為施仁政的觀念,來為民除水害,日以繼夜,冒風霜的與有灌溉有經驗的農民,先對岷江地形和水情做了一次詳細的勘查,上到岷江上游青城山麓,下到成都平原。 勘查的結果,規劃出魚嘴在江心位置,飛沙堰排洪,及在玉壘山脚開鑿寶瓶口(灌溉用水的引水口) 但在斯時無火藥來爆破的情况下,是以鉄鑿一錘一錘鑿通玉壘山的花崗岩。 後來又發明以火燒石,(利用熱漲冷縮的原理,爆裂岩石 ),大大加快了工程進度,終于在玉壘山腳鑿出寬20公尺,高40公尺,長80公尺的一條引水道口,所以這是用民間血汗鑿出的,工程的樞紐  引水口,沒有它,水就無法流入那上帝賜予的,那塊不用苦苦挖掘的坡度適合的成都平原的千百條灌溉渠道。因形狀酷似瓶口,故取名  "寶瓶口",把開鑿玉壘山腳,分離的石堆,稱為 離堆” 也就是我們旅遊的離堆公園下面的 伏龍觀。                      When Li Bing served as the governor of Sichuan, he was compassionate and benevolent towards the people, adhering to the principle that "food is the first necessity of the people" in his governance. He worked tirelessly day and night, braving wind and frost, alongside experienced farmers specializing in irrigation. First, he conducted a detailed survey of the Minjiang River's topography and water conditions, extending from the foothills of Qingcheng Mountain in the upper reaches of the Minjiang to the Chengdu Plain. The survey resulted in the planning of a fish-mouth section in the middle of the river, the Feisha Weir for flood control, and the excavation of the Baopingkou (a water intake for irrigation) at the foot of Yulei Mountain. However, lacking the explosives of the time, they painstakingly chiseled through the granite of Yulei Mountain, hammer blow by hammer blow. Later, they invented a method of burning the rocks (using the principle of thermal expansion and contraction to crack the rocks), which greatly accelerated the progress of the project. Finally, they carved out an aqueduct at the foot of Yulei Mountain, 20 meters wide, 40 meters high, and 80 meters long. This aqueduct was carved out with the blood and sweat of the people. It was the key to the project—the aqueduct. Without it, water could not flow into the thousands of irrigation canals of the Chengdu Plain, a gift from God with a suitable slope that did not require arduous digging. Because its shape resembles the mouth of a bottle, it was named "Baopingkou" (Bottle Mouth). The pile of stones separated at the foot of Yulei Mountain was called "Lidui" (Separated Pile), which is the "Fulong Temple" below the Lidui Park that we visit.  

上帝所賜的天然傾銷坡度  God grant the slope 5‰ 

   從工程的觀點來說明為何它是上帝賜給我們中華民族的恩典。該工程的能有效運作二千多年,得力於地利。 從現代水利規劃的角度來看,魚嘴位置的選擇是因岷江彎曲的河道給以充分的有利條件,在古代二千二百年前,要建埧分水,是非常的艱難,都江堰是不用實體埧來分水, 以 無埧分水” 稱譽世界的偉大水利工程,是出于李冰的慧心及苦心的結晶其次,是渠首位于岷江的沖積扇的扇脊上,換句話說,是成都平原頂點,也就是說 “引水口”  位於海拔700多米的高處(成都附近海拔400米左右),居高臨下向東南傾斜呈扇形擴展,地形坡降平均達 5‰ 的自然傾斜地形,是修建灌溉工程最有利的條件,它可以不要作堤,只挖淺溝,即可引水灌溉,自然形成河道 (示如左圖)。我受訓的空軍幼年學校的校址所在地的蒲陽場,即是一條渠道造成的蒲陽河畔。 因這優良地形,使挖掘的工程量非常有限,而且灌溉與排水可以使用同一渠道,水可重復使用,非常經濟。最終,開挖大小干支灌溉渠道共500多條,總長度逹1156公里,自動灌溉成都平原上300多萬亩良田(現在的情形大大的增加).                                                                                                                                                          From an engineering perspective, this is why it is considered a gift from God to the Chinese nation. The project's effective operation for over two thousand years is attributed to its advantageous location. From a modern water conservancy planning perspective, the choice of the Fish Mouth location was due to the favorable conditions provided by the meandering Minjiang River. Two thousand two hundred years ago, building dikes to divert water was extremely difficult. Dujiangyan, however, does not use physical dikes for water diversion, earning it the reputation of "diversion without dikes"—a magnificent water conservancy project renowned worldwide, a testament to Li Bing's wisdom and painstaking efforts. Secondly, the headworks are located on the ridge of the Minjiang River's alluvial fan, in other words, at the apex of the Chengdu Plain. This means the "water intake" is situated at an altitude of over 700 meters (around 400 meters near Chengdu), offering a commanding view. The natural slope, averaging 5‰, provides ideal conditions for irrigation construction. It eliminates the need for dikes; shallow ditches are sufficient to divert water, naturally forming a river channel (as shown in the left diagram). The site of the Air Force Junior School where I received my training, Puyang Field, is located on the banks of the Puyang River, which is formed by a canal. This excellent terrain limited the amount of excavation work required, and irrigation and drainage could use the same canal, allowing water to be reused, making it very economical. Ultimately, more than 500 irrigation canals of various sizes were excavated, with a total length of 1156 kilometers, automatically irrigating more than 3 million mu of fertile land on the Chengdu Plain (Note: the situation has greatly improved since then).  

            以工程經濟的眼光來分析該工程為什麼有這樣長的壽命肯定其中有原因。 就如目前的綠化工程的觀念。李冰在財力不富足及工程材料極度缺乏的情形下,工程所需的材料是就地取材,使用當地盛產的竹子,河床沉積下來的砂石及鵝卵石作建堤及擋水埧的材料, 並使用當地農民秋收後的空閒勞工編製竹籠,及榪槎,成本就大大的減,使工程的效益極度的增加,大大的造福當地的老百姓。修繕維護完成後, 每年” 必有盛大的都江堰開堰”儀式(即砍開因維修河道,而建築的竹製榪槎的臨時擋水埧)歲修”  就是每年必挖內江的河床,並填修飛沙堰的工程。歲修” 是使得該工程能千年順暢運作的關鍵。李冰賜給後人的六字旨  深淘灘,低作堰” 是他智慧的結晶。 而且必須每年勤於維護。 工程之能持久,不是在開建時投注大筆資金造成固若金湯的堡壘,而是要勤於因環境及氣候的影響工程壽命的每年維護,才能使工程延年益壽,尤其是都江堰灌溉工程,因為岷江河床變化無常,沖淤肯定會發生。 所以,李冰的遺言  深淘灘,低作堰” 非常要緊。 因為寶瓶口的進水量與河床的深淺有極為密切的關聯河床淤高,相對的依照水則” (量取引水多少的指標尺進水量就不夠。 所以每年必須挖河床,要挖得夠深。 李冰在內江的河床埋了作挖掘深度的凖繩工程物 (近日網絡發表,在都江堰河床中挖出李冰石像,即為挖掘河床深度的凖繩工程物。什麼時候挖是秋收後,開堰前的一段農閒的時間,也是岷江的枯水季節。 挖出的泥沙供作飛沙堰的維修用。飛沙堰過高會有損壞進水口的可能,因被洪水沖撃。 所以飛沙堰必須要建得低,不能塡修得過高,以免內江洪水通洩不暢,把沙石帶進引水口內,引起灌溉渠道的淤塞。 飛沙堰和寶瓶口是有機工程,組成自然排洪、調整輸水功能,     以工程經濟的眼光來分析該工程為什麼有這樣長的壽命肯定其中有原因。 就如目前的綠化工程的觀念。李冰在財力不富足及工程材料極度缺乏的情形下,工程所需的材料是就地取材,使用當地盛產的竹子,河床沉積下來的砂石及鵝卵石作建堤及擋水埧的材料, 並使用當地農民秋收後的空閒勞工編製竹籠,及榪槎,成本就大大的減,使工程的效益極度的增加,大大的造福當地的老百姓。修繕維護完成後, 每年” 必有盛大的都江堰開堰”儀式(即砍開因維修河道,而建築的竹製榪槎的臨時擋水埧)歲修”  就是每年必挖內江的河床,並填修飛沙堰的工程。歲修” 是使得該工程能千年順暢運作的關鍵。李冰賜給後人的六字旨  深淘灘,低作堰” 是他智慧的結晶。 而且必須每年勤於維護。 工程之能持久,不是在開建時投注大筆資金造成固若金湯的堡壘,而是要勤於因環境及氣候的影響工程壽命的每年維護,才能使工程延年益壽,尤其是都江堰灌溉工程,因為岷江河床變化無常,沖淤肯定會發生。 所以,李冰的遺言  深淘灘,低作堰” 非常要緊。 因為寶瓶口的進水量與河床的深淺有極為密切的關聯河床淤高,相對的依照水則” (量取引水多少的指標尺進水量就不夠。 所以每年必須挖河床,要挖得夠深。 李冰在內江的河床埋了作挖掘深度的凖繩工程物 (近日網絡發表,在都江堰河床中挖出李冰石像,即為挖掘河床深度的凖繩工程物。什麼時候挖是秋收後,開堰前的一段農閒的時間,也是岷江的枯水季節。 挖出的泥沙供作飛沙堰的維修用。飛沙堰過高會有損壞進水口的可能,因被洪水沖撃。 所以飛沙堰必須要建得低,不能塡修得過高,以免內江洪水通洩不暢,把沙石帶進引水口內,引起灌溉渠道的淤塞。 飛沙堰和寶瓶口是有機工程,組成自然排洪、調整輸水功能,

完全是李冰精心巧妙設計,幷有完美的工程維修守則,供後人遵行的水利工程。
           
Analyzing the project from an engineering economics perspective, why did it have such a long lifespan? There must be a reason. Just like the current concept of greening projects. Despite limited financial resources and a severe shortage of materials, Li Bing used locally sourced materials, including abundant bamboo, riverbed sediment, and pebbles, for building the dikes and flood barriers. He also employed local farmers during their off-season to weave bamboo cages and wefts, greatly reducing costs and maximizing the project's benefits, significantly benefiting the local people. After maintenance, a grand "opening the weir" ceremony was held "every year" for the Dujiangyan Irrigation System (i.e., cutting open the temporary flood barriers built for river maintenance). "Annual maintenance" involved dredging the inner riverbed and repairing the Feisha Weir every year. This "annual maintenance" was key to the project's smooth operation for over a thousand years. Li Bing's six-character motto for posterity, "Deepen the riverbed, lower the weir," is the culmination of his wisdom. Furthermore, diligent annual maintenance is essential. The longevity of an engineering project doesn't depend on investing heavily in creating an impregnable fortress during construction, but rather on diligent annual maintenance to address the impact of environmental and climatic factors on its lifespan. This is especially true for the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, as the Minjiang Riverbed is constantly changing, and siltation and erosion are inevitable. Therefore, Li Bing's dying words, "Deepen the riverbed, lower the weir," are crucial. The water intake at the Baopingkou (Bottle-Neck Opening) is closely related to the depth of the riverbed. If the riverbed is silted up, the water intake will be insufficient according to the "water gauge" (a measuring tool for determining water intake). Therefore, the riverbed must be dredged annually, and dug to a sufficient depth. Li Bing buried a reference rope in the Neijiang Riverbed to indicate the dredging depth (recently, it was reported online that a stone statue of Li Bing was unearthed in the Dujiangyan riverbed; this reference rope is a testament to the dredging depth). When was this dredging done? It was during the agricultural off-season after the autumn harvest and before the weir was opened, which was also the dry season of the Minjiang River. The dredged silt was used for the maintenance of the Feisha Weir. If the Feisha Weir were too high, it could damage the intake, as it would be washed away by floods. Therefore, the Feisha Weir had to be built low, not too high, to prevent the flow of floodwaters from the inner river from obstructing the flow of sand and gravel into the intake, causing siltation of the irrigation channels. The Feisha Weir and the Baopingkou (Bottle-Neck) are an organic engineering project, forming a natural flood discharge and water conveyance regulation system.                                                                                                                        

完全是李冰精心巧妙設計,幷有完美的工程維修守則,供後人遵行的水利工程。
      It was entirely designed by Li Bing with ingenuity and has perfect engineering maintain rules for future generations to follow.

                                                                                                                                                                  

  

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