副词二

副词的用法  

副词用在时间上的有 yesterday, soon, immediately, often, sometimes, 及tomorrow等.

       例如,    用在句尾.
                 I went to the bar yesterday. (我昨天去酒吧了)
            用在句首以加强语气.
                Tomorrow I shall attend a meeting. (明天我将参加会议.)
           若句中出现多个时间副词，短时间在前，长时间在后.
                Mary was born at 4 o'clock on the 4th of May, 1896.
                   (玛丽出生于一八九六年五月四日四点钟.)     

   提示:  前面讲到动词 ‘过去’ 及 ‘过去完了’ 时制的构成必须有一个时间副词在句中

              才能完成, 否则别人不知道你是说在过去的甚么时间.       

      例如,    John came here a minute ago.  (约翰一分钟前还在这里.)

                   John came here.  (不可以)

                   Mary had finished her home work yesterday. (玛丽昨日做完她的作业.)

                   Mary had finished her home work.  (不可以) 

副词用在地方上的有here, there, everywhere, away, down, up, far, near, 及 home 等.

       例如,   用在一般动词后.
                         After work he went home.  (工作结束后他回家.)
                  若两个地方副词同时出现, 则小地方在前, 大地方在后.
                        John was born at Sydney in Australia. (约翰出生于澳大利亚的悉尼.)
                  here,  there可放在句首, 用以加强语气.
                        Here I am. (我在这里.)
            

副词用在表示 ‘情状’上的有: well, cleverly, slowly, carefully, fast, badly, 及quietly等.

        例如,   用在不及物动词后. 

                        He runs fast.  (他跑得快.)
                    用在不及物动词与介词之间或句尾.
                        He spoke to the foreigner slowly. (他慢慢地与外国人说话.)
                    用在及物动词前或句尾.
                        He left the room quietly.  (他静静地离开了房间.)

副词用在表示 ‘程度’上的有 very, too, really, terribly, extremely, rather, quite, enough,

     almost, 及hardly等

   例如,    用在一般动词前.
              I almost forgot to bring my key.  (我差点忘记带钥匙.)
          用在助动词与一般动词之间.
              I could hardly believe it.  (我几乎不能相信它.)
          用在形容词或副词前.
              He drives very carefully.  (他驾驶很小心.)

 提示: very不可用来修饰动词.

        例如,  I very liked him. ( 不可以 )      

副词用在表示 ‘频率’ 及 ‘次数’ 上的有always, usually, sometimes, seldom, once,

       及twice等.

             例如,   用在 ‘be’ 动词后.
                               It is usually hot in summer.  (夏天天气通常是热的.)
                        用在一般动词前.
                               My father usually walks home.  (我的父亲经常步行回家.)
                        用在助动词与一般动词之间.
                               I will always love you.  (我将永远爱你.)

副词表示肯定或否定意义的有 yes, not, never, surely, 及 certainly等.

         例如,    肯定副词与否定副词不能同时出现。
            Is he not a student?  (他不是学生吗？)
            Yes, he is not a student.  (不可以, 我国学生要特别留意)
            No, he is not a student.  (是的，他不是学生.)
        必须接在第一个助动词后。
            You should not have asked this question yesterday.

                                 (你昨天不该问这个问题.)    

副词在用法上几点必须注意的地方:

    1.  副词尽量放在它所形容的字的邻近, 能够愈近愈好.

2.  下列各副词, 用时要非常注意它们的位置, 因为位置的前后不同, 会改变全句的

     意思.  这些副词通常须放在它们所修饰的字前.  如: almost, ever,  merely , quite, 

      just,  及only 等

                例如,   Only our teacher criticized my composition.

                                (祇有我们的教师批评我的文章.)

                            Our teacher only criticized my composition.

                                (我们的教师批评我的文章.)

     3.  ever 常和否定副词 hardly及 scarcely连用 (hardly ever, scarcely ever), 但不能和

         always连用.

                例如,   We hardly ever hear from him.

                             I hardly ever study at night.

作业五十二 

试将下列各句翻译成中文:

1. John has a very big book.

2. Your stick is too long.

3. He speaks very slowly.

4. I often receive my sister's letters.

5. Why does he not come?

6. Where do you learn English?

7. That beautiful girl sings again.

副词一

副词概说 ( Introduction) 

修饰语的重要性: 前面讲过一个句子, 无论是多么长, 多么复杂, 实际上它所包含的不外这五种成分: 主语, 本动词, 宾语, 修饰语(包括形容词, 副词及介词 ‘prepositions’ 短语) 及连词(conjunctions). 没有了修饰语和连词, 那末我们讲起话来, 都要变成些简陋而局促生硬的口语对话. 所以要了解副词的使用是学习英文更上一层楼的阶梯, 认清英语语言的优美与实际. 

英文中的修饰语有两大类: 形容词及副词. 形容词用来修饰名词, 而副词主要是用来描述动词, 也可以来描写形容词及另外的副词. 一般中国学生总认为在形容词尾部加上 ‘-ly’ 便是副词, 并不尽然. 如: how, when, why, where, well, now, fast, quite, never, soon, here, already等等这些单词都是常用的副词, 并没有加 ‘-ly’.

例如,   He is running fast.

                   The volcano could be seen quite clearly. (修饰另外的副词 ‘clearly’) 

你已经知道使用形容词的目的是描述名词是属于那一类 ‘what kind’ , 有多少 ‘how many’, 或那一个 ‘which one’.  而副词是被使用来说明一件事情是 ‘情狀’, 或 ‘何时’, 或 ‘何地’ , 或 ‘程度的’.  

      例如,  My sister and I visited all the stores yesterday. (何时)

            We looked everywhere for just the right gift. (何地)

            We carefully considered a number of possibilities. (情狀)

            We were really exhausted after all that. (程度)

提示: 上面例句中下面划线的单词是副词.     

副词种类 : 

1.        地点副词(where): 离开, 走开(away), 无处(nowhere), 任何地方(anywhere), 到处(everywhere), 在那边(over there), 那里(there), 这里(here).

2.        时间副词(when): 昨天(yesterday), 现在(now), 然后(then), 后来(later),

    不久(soon), 近来(lately), 最近(recently), 马上, 立即(right now),

立即 (immediately), 仍(still), 还, 仍然, 尚(yet), 以前(ago).

3.        程度的副词( to what extent): 很, 非常(very), 相当(quite),

过于的(too), 真实的(really), 可怖的(terribly), 极端的(extremely), 甚至于(rather).

4.        情狀的副词(how): 快速地, 迅速地(fast), 好(well), 小心地, 认真地(carefully),

几乎(almost), 绝对(absolutely), 一起(together), 单独的(alone),

粗野的(wildly), 容易的(easily), 恶劣的(badly), 聪明的(cleverly).

5.        频率副词( frequency): 偶尔(occasionally), 从不(never), 很少(rarely), 很少(seldom), 有时(sometimes), 经常地(usually), 总是(always), 频频(frequently).

    6.    否定副词(negative):  不(not, no),  永远不的(never) .

   注:  有的副词是地点, 时间副词又是关系及疑问副词. 疑问副词在讨论疑问代名

词时谈到, 而关系副词多用在关系子句上, 请参阅高中英文语法. 

副词并不像形容词必须放在要修饰的词汇的前面. 例如: 修饰动词的副词可以放在句子中的任何位置. 

      例如,  Soon the banjos will play. (立刻要演奏五弦琴)

            The banjos soon will play. (五弦琴立刻要表演)

            The banjos will play soon. (五弦琴演奏立刻开始) 

可是在修饰形容词及其它副词时, 就要紧接着放在它要修饰的词汇前面.

 例如,  The banjos will play very soon.

            The audience was quite restless. 

作业五十

指出下列各句中的副词及它所修饰的字:

1. Some great discoveries are made accidentally.

2. In Egypt in 1799, a French army officer was walking slowly.

3. He looked down, saw a highly unusual stone, and examined it quite carefully.

4. The large, rather flat stone was partially buried in the mud.

5. It was quickly pulled from the mud and very thoroughly cleaned.

6. Inscriptions in three languages had been painstakingly carved on the stone. 

作业五十一 

试写出下列各句中的副词及它所描述的词汇:

1. A French officer in Egypt had casually noticed an unusual stone.

2. Accidentally, he had made a terribly important discovery.

3. The rock had three quite different inscriptions on it.

4. The very first inscription was in ancient Egyptian.

5. The second inscription was in a somewhat later Egyptian language.

6. The third was in a more familiar language, Greek.

7. The message was identically stated in the three languages.

8. Ancient Egyptian writing had previously puzzled scholars.

9. The easily readable Greek finally gave them the needed key.

10. Eventually, the ancient Egyptian writing was translated.